Severe dieting results in both the reduction of fat stores and the loss of muscle mass. From your understanding of Biochemical pathways, explain how this observation occur?

1.) Explain how combinatorial control makes it possible to have far fewer transcription factors than the number of genes that are transcriptionally regulated.

2.) If a miRNA were 5 nucleotides long, what is the chance of finding a complementary sequence in a randomly selected 5 nucleotide sequence in mRNA? [Assume mRNA sequences to be random and that mRNAs have an equal amount of each nucleotide (A, U, G, and C)]. If an miRNA were 10 nucleotides long, what is the chance of finding a complementary sequence in a randomly selected 10 nucleotide sequence in mRNA? If you were designing a synthetic miRNA to specifically target a particular mRNA, would you want to design a 5 or 10 nucleotide long miRNA? Why?

3.) In the fungus Neurospora crassa, roughly 2 – 3% of cytosines are methylated. Researchers isolated Neurospora DNA sequences that contained 5-methyl cytosine and found that almost all methylated sequences were located in inactive copies of transposable elements. On the basis of these observations, propose a possible explanation for why Neurospora methylates its DNA and why DNA methylation in this species is associated with transposable elements.

4.) Some cases of bacterial gene regulation involve use of alternative transcriptional terminators. Propose a plausible way that a riboswitch could function in the use of alternative bacterial transcriptional terminators.

Meternal and child undernutrition contribute to deficits in children's development and health and productivity in adulthood. Discuss this statement.

Back up the argument with evidence and health and economic data.

Address all part of the statement with referances.

Roger is a 25 year old astronaut who is travelling to another planet in a one-man spaceship. While in space, the capsule become partially depressurised.

Using your knowledge of internal and external respiration (M2L4), please answer the following questions below. Be sure to clearly label the different parts.

Part A. Describe with details how Henry's law relates to external respiration (1.5 marks)

Part B. How does the reduction in partial pressure in the spaceship affect Roger's oxygen uptake? Explain your reasoning. (1 mark)

Part C. Against all odds, Roger makes it to a new planet but carbon dioxide is less soluble on this planet. How will this affect Roger’s ability to breathe? (1 mark)

Summarize the following topics briefly:

Oceanic Alveolates

Protista classficiation

Stramenophiles and global warming

Traits that distinguish charophytes from land plants

Traits charophytes share with land plants

Advantages of seeds over spores

How Gluconeogenesis is regulated allosterically by and hormones? In your answer, show the importance of this pathway, location(s), enzymatic requirements and starter substrates to be used.

Q) Make a Contemporary Issues Report , must be 3 to 4 pages containing

a. Introduction (definition of contemporary issues and selected subjects)

d. Contemporary Issues List (at least 5 new subjects)

e. Selected Subject Explain with a Conclusion (at least four pages).

f. References

please with some research fulfill all the above mentioned needs and make a proper report with headings.

THANKYOU

TOPIC :- Abortion

Which organelle would be high in quantity in the following cell types:

1. Pancreas cells: Smooth ER

2. Heart muscle cells:

3. Liver cells:

4. Plant leaf cells:

5. Macrophages (a type of white blood cell):

You intend to use bacteria to produce ethanol for your spin-off business in Palapye. The bacteria (strain: Ethanol Blue) you have, is a very poor ethanol producer and is very sensitive to ethanol. However, an industrial strain (strain: Ethanol Red), which has both an elevated ethanol producing and a high ethanol tolerance trait, is available in your laboratory collections for use as a control. Both bacteria sporulate with relative ease. Note that an elevated ethanol producer is always resistant to elevated amounts of ethanol. a) Isn’t it strange that natural bacteria isolates produce ethanol? Explain. [2 marks] b) Briefly describe 2 methods (taking advantage of their sporulation ability only) you would use to improve the fermentative capacity of Ethanol Blue. [4 marks] c) State any other methods other than evolutionary engineering and recombinant DNA technology that can be used to develop the strain. [2 marks] d) Is there a correlation between ethanol production and tolerance? [2 marks] Total [10 marks]

Functional assays vs. protein density: what happens to each if protein is denatured

Design an experiment that will determine whether oligomycin is an ETC inhibitor or an uncoupling agent.

How many different ways can homologous recombination cause gene conversion?

A) two

B) one

C) four

D) three

A newly identified bacterial strain needs melrose as a growth factor. To synthesize melrose these bacteria use three enzymes that are encoded by the genes melA, melB and melC in the mel operon. The expression of these three genes is controlled by a regulatory protein MelR. Melrose binds to MelR, and it changes the ability of MelR to bind to the regulatory region of the mel operon.

The mel genes are expressed only in the absence of melrose. The regulator MelR, only in the absence of melrose, can bind at the regulatory region of mel operon.

Answer all questions

1. Draw the mel operon showing structural and regulatory genes, the regulatory region including the promoter and terminator. Describe the role of each term in your drawing.
2. Show the regulation model of the mel operon in the presence of melrose. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, MelR, melrose, transcription and translation. Describe the process of how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the presence of Melrose.
3. Show the regulation model of the mel operon in the absence of melrose. In your figures, include structural genes, regulatory region, MelR, transcription and translation. Describe the process how gene expression is turned ON or OFF in the absence of melrose.

d. Answer the following questions and provide an explanation for each answer     

i. Is the mel operon inducible or repressible?

2. Is the MelR a positive or negative regulator?

5. Predict the expression of the mel operon in the following three melR mutants melR1, melR2 and melR3. Choose an answer as regulated or constitutive or no expression, including an explanation.

i. In a melR1 mutant, MelR has lost the ability to bind to melrose.

ii. In a melR2 mutant, MelR cannot bind to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

3. In a melR3 mutant, MelR binds to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

Describe the following briefly:

What detrimental and beneficial effects can bacteria have on humans?

Bacteria evolutionary adaptations to survive harsh environmental conditions.

Bacteria abilities to "develop" antibiotic resistance.

Roles prokaryotes play in our biosphere.