Describe what is similar and what is different about metabolic pathways used by a lithoheterotroph versus a lithoautotroph using ALL of the following terms: electron donor, electron acceptor, reduced, oxidized, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon.

1a. Many uridine molecules are inserted into some mitochondrial mRNAs in trypanosomes.  The uridine residues come from the poly(U) tail of a donor strand!  Nucleoside triphosphates do not participate in this reaction.  Propose a reaction mechanism that accounts for these findings.  (HINT:  relate this RNA editing to RNA splicing.)

b. Analysis of  p53 gene mutations in human tumors shows that a large proportion of these mutations involve GC→AT transitions originating at sites of DNA methylation.  Propose a model to explain preferential mutagenesis of this type at these sites.

Diseases due to lack of gangliosides are..

Malfunctioning of some channels leads to diseases. Give some specific examples. And mechanism.

Multi-drug resistant : why does it occur?

http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ReceptorFamiliesForward?type=IC

The blood-brain barrier. How does it work/

Many Psychoactive Drugs Act at Synapses : what are their targets

Gunter Blobel : some of his major findings were……

A.) List two general ways that phosphorylation by a kinase can promote intracellular signaling?

B.) Explain why, in the absence of inhibitor, epinephrine stimulation results in the presence of beta arrestin band, which is absent in inhibitor treated samples.

What are the physical and chemical properties of the following oils:

- Almond oil

- Fish oil

- Coconut oil

- Palm Kernel oil

Please provide the website where you get your information. Thank you.  

Phenol red, a pH indicator, is used in the experiment to determine respiration activity by showing CO2 production.

Questions;

1. How does phenol red work as a pH indicator?

2. Why does this show respiration activity?

1.Symbiosis means “living together” and we talked about several types of symbiotic interactions that happen in communities. Name ONE type of symbiotic interaction and give me an example.

2.What happens to energy as it moves through the trophic levels of an ecosystem? What happens to nutrients as they move through an ecosystem?

One likely reason that only microbes existed for the first two billion years of life is

a) high concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere.

b) the absence of nitrogen in the environment at the time.

c) the toxicity of oxygen to multicellular organisms.

d) high levels of iron oxide in the water.

e) low concentrations of O2 at that time.

. Imagine you are studying a new cooperative breeding vertebrate species and you find that groups of females can be either related or unrelated. What would you predict in terms of group size (larger or smaller) and reproductive skew (more or less) in these different types of groups. Explain your reasoning.

Please make an article about implementation of good manufacturing practice in food industry. Must be 500-700 words

a) What is the role of studies of other organisms in understanding the organization and development of the nervous system?

b) What is the advantage for a species of developmental, individual variation?

1. Some bacteria can stop the activation of complement. Suggest 2 things bacteria might do to complement proteins to stop or prevent complement activation. Describe how stopping complement activation would protect the bacteria.

What is the role of plasticity in development of the individual? How can two individuals with identical genotypes exhibit different phenotypes?

In eurkaryote transcription, what is an exon and interon, and what is 5 capping and poly A tailing?