1.a.Discuss briefly the key differences between climate change and climate variability.
(25marks)
b.Write a short essay on climate sub-systems.
(25marks)
2.a.Write an essay on Global Warming.
(25marks)
b.Write notes on the Greenhouse Effect.
(25marks)

Vitaceae - detail description of species (plant), including flower, leaf stem, fruit, habitat, etc. Thank you.

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis riparia Michx. Common Name: river grape, frost grape

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis vulpina L. Common Name: winter grape

Travis, an overweight 51 year old male, had been diagnosed with stable angina two years ago and was prescribed sublingual nitroglycerin to be taken as needed. Recently, his attacks have become more frequent and less predictable. During his annual check up, his doctor looked alarmed when his blood test revelled elevated cardiac troponin levels.

A) Describe the function of troponin in healthy cardiomyocytes?

B) Explain why Travis' doctor was alarmed at his blood test results. Why did his serum cardiac troponin levels increase?

Can you identify an innate immune cell that responds to SARS-COV2 infection? What are mechanisms by which the cell facilitates clearance of the virus?

All crops we go have been genetically modified from their original forms. Some of it is through selective breeding, some through mutation breeding, and recently through genetic engineering. Why is there so much opposition to genetic engineering as opposed to something like mutation breeding, which has been around for decades?

All crops we go have been genetically modified from their original forms. Some of it is through selective breeding, some through mutation breeding, and recently through genetic engineering. Why is there so much opposition to genetic engineering as opposed to something like mutation breeding, which has been around for decades?

1. Septic Sarah

Sarah developed septicaemia as a result of her wound.  Blood cultures at that time were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. She was hospitalised and was immediately treated with intravenous penicillin. Within two minutes of the injection, Sarah collapsed into unconsciousness with an irregular heart rate and a dramatic drop in blood pressure.

3. Based on the information above, was this the first time that Sarah was exposed to penicillin? Describe the physiological mechanism to support your answer.

4. Name one drug that would you administer to Sarah as she collapsed and provide its mechanism of action.

5. After her full recovery, would you recommend that Sarah get vaccinated against S. pneumoniae? If so, which type of pneumococcus vaccine would you recommend and why? If you wouldn’t recommend any pneumococcus vaccine, provide your reasoning.

Q1. PLEASE EXPLAIN THE ANSWER Near to lacO are other DNA sequences similar to lacO.

A. What prevents LacI from occupying these instead of the lacO in the promoter region?

B. What role is proposed for those other lacO-like elements?

Q2. PLEASE EXPLAIN THE ANSWER

You are given an E. coli merodiploid with an F plasmid with this genotype: lacP- lacO+ lacZ+ lacY+ and a chromosome with a second copy of the lac operon with this genotype: lacP+ lacO+ lacZ- lacY-. Depending on the whether lacP- is replaced with lacP+ on the F plasmid by the Holliday or DSBR model, what happens to the copy of lacP on the chromosome? Explain why.

Electron Transport Chain (McKee 364-372).  

1. Describe the initial substrates of the electron transport chain based on the cofactors that supply one pair of electrons
2. Describe the final product based on the acceptor of one pair of electrons from the electron transport chain
3. Describe the locations of ubiquinone (UQ) and cytochrome C (Cyt C) in relation to the electron transport chain
4. Describe the source of electrons for the reaction between oxidized UQ and reduced UQ (UQH₂) based on the redox reaction catalyzed by Complex I
5. Describe the source of electrons for the reaction between oxidized and reduced Cyt C (Cyt C_ox and reduced Cyt C_red, respectively) based on the redox reaction catalyzed by Complex III
6. Describe the source of electrons for the reaction between atomic oxygen (O) and H₂O oxidized based on the redox reaction catalyzed by Complex III
7. Describe how UQ is recycled for the reaction catalyzed by Complex I based on the reaction catalyzed by Complex III
8. Describe how Cyt C_ox is recycled for the reaction catalyzed by Complex III based on the reaction catalyzed by Complex IV

Vitaceae - detail description of species (plant), including flower, leaf stem, fruit, habitat, etc. Thank you.

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis labrusca L.

Common Name:fox grape

Family: Vitaceae Species: Vitis labrusca × V. riparia = V. ×novae-angliae Fernald

Common Name:New England grape

Mr. Ahmed is a 65- year old man who is suffering from Diabetic Retinopathy. He is also suffering from sensorineural hearing loss. He finds it difficult to distinguish between high pitch sounds such as the letters (s) and (th). He decides to meet a physician for a check-up. Answer the following questions in relation to his condition. Provide (two in-text citations) for any of your answers and (two references below your answers). a. Describe Diabetic Retinopathy in one or two sentences. (1 mark) b. List two symptoms of Diabetic Retinopathy. (1 mark) c. Which ear disorder do you think most likely Mr. Ahmed has? Name it and give two other symptoms of this disorder. d. List three causes that happen in the ear leading to the disorder mentioned in (question

14. A reversible inhibitor I is competitive with the substrate S when both have
    1. equal 1/V_max                c. equal 1/V_max & 1/K_M
    2. equal 1/K_M                         d. equal slope

15. A reversible inhibitor I is uncompetitive with the substrate S when both have
    1. equal 1/V_max                c. different 1/V_max & 1/K_M
    2. equal 1/K_M                         d. different slope

Some sharks live in freshwater. How should the kidneys of marine and freshwater sharks function?

A population of 120 pea plants were examined. Three colorations existed within the population; 70 red (RR), 43 pink (Rr), and 7 white (rr). Calculate the 1) number of each allele and the 2) allele frequencies. Using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation (p2 +2pq+q2=1.0) calculate the 3) genotype frequencies. Based on a population size of 120 pea plants, 4) what is the predicted numbers of each genotype? 5) How does the predicted compare to the observed population? Show your work.

Vitaceae - description of each plant, including flower, leaf stem, fruit. What is the difference between these two plants? Parthenocissus inserta - Thicket creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia - Virginia creeper