What is BrdU and how can you test the effect of each phase in neurogenesis? Why could it be used in this way for each phase including proliferation, migration, survival and differentiation? Please explain how BrdU can be used in each of these phases of neurogenesis.

10. Consider predator-prey oscillations, an interesting example of population dynamics. Define and describe using real examples. Finally discuss how humans could possibly influence this phenomenon.

The oncology clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is asked to develop a staff development program for registered nurse who will be administering chemotherapeutic agent. Because the nurses will be administering a variety of chemotherapeutic drugs to oncology patients, the CNS plans on presenting an overview of agents,classifications, and special precaution of these drugs.( Learning objective 6 and 8).
a. What does the CNS describe as the goals of chemotherapy?
b. How should the CNS respond to the following equation:" why do patients require rounds of chemotherapeutic drugs, including different drugs and varying intervals?"
c.In teaching about the administration of chemotherapeutic agents.what signs of extravasation should the nurse include?
d. what clinical manifestations of myelosupprssion secondary to chemotherapy administration, should the CNS include in this program?

Microbes have several mechanisms of pathogenicity. Contrast pathogenicity and virulence. Describe five virulence factors found in microbes and explain how each affects the establishment and success of disease.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria occurs because ___.

Group of answer choices

antibiotic exposure triggers mutations in bacteria

human cells become immune to the effects of the antibiotics over time

bacteria mutate in order to become resistant

antibiotic use kills bacteria which are not resistant, leaving resistant bacteria to reproduce

28) Which disease(s) is/are not caused by a virus?

A) Botulism

B) Tetanus

C) Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD)

D) All of the above

E) A and B

29) Which of the following is not a body defense against foodborne pathogens?

A) Hemorrhoids

B) Intestinal microflora

C) Low pH of stomach

D) Lysozyme in saliva

E) Secretory IgA in intestine

34) An enterotoxin is a type of …

A) Endotoxin

B) Exotoxin

C) Hypertoxin

D) Uncoupler

E) None of the above

35) Which of the following statements is/are true of food poisoning (intoxication)?

A) It takes approximately 2-3 weeks after eating contaminated food to develop.

B) It can involve either vomiting or diarrhea.

C) It is carefully monitored by MTSU’s College of Basic and Applied Sciences

D) All of the above

E) A and C

5. Describe the role of biofilms in the establishment of infections. How do biofilms protect pathogens from the immune system or chemical or drug treatment?

7. Briefly describe the role that extracellular enzymes can play in the pathogenesis of microbes? Give an example.
8. Describe antigenic variation. Explain how pathogens like Trpanosoma and Plasmodium use antigenic variation to avoid the host immune system.
9. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that we receive an influenza vaccine each year. Why doesn’t the influenza vaccine provide long term protection?

1.

Which of the following events does not occur in PCR?    

Group of answer choices

A the DNA is denatured by high temperature

B the amount of DNA would double during each cycle, resulting in 8 times the original amount of DNA after 3 cycles

C Taq DNA polymerase and deoxyribonucleotides are used to elongate the primer strand of DNA

D the mixture is heated to allow primers to complementary base pair to the deoxyribonucleotides

2.

Which of the following is not a difference between DNA and RNA?

Group of answer choices

A in RNA, the sugar is deoxyribose, in DNA it is ribose

B No answer text provided.

C in RNA the base U is used in place of T in DNA

D in RNA, the sugar is ribose, instead of DNA it is deoxyribose

3.

a- (two words) ____ _____is the enzyme used in DNA fingerprinting

b- _____ blotting technique in used in DNA fingerprinting

c- Upon electrophoresis, DNA will migrate towards the ________ pole.

4.

In the dideoxy DNA sequencing method, the enzyme used is RNA polymerase.

Group of answer choices

True

False

5.

Meiosis occurs in one division and results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Group of answer choices

True

False

6.

In a female, the inactivated Y chromosome is an example of heterochromatin.

Group of answer choices

True

False

7.

On a human chromosome, the long arm is called the "p arm" and the short arm is the "q arm."

Group of answer choices

True

False

1. Ms. Jones is 50 years old and 30 pounds overweight. She reads about several new diets and wants to try one of them. Several popular plans are low-carbohydrate diets. Most low-carbohydrate diets compensate by eating more protein and fat.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of such diets? describe with APA references (type at least 250 words)

2. 55-year-old Jim, a school teacher, has had hypertension (180/110) for years and also Type- 1 diabetes. He does not have any other serious medical issues. Last week, after a meeting, he felt weak and lethargic and had some lower leg swelling. His doctor ordered urine tests and diagnosed him with kidney failure.

Discuss the problems frequently encountered in kidney failure. describe with APA references (type at least 250 words)

37) Which of the following can be transmitted via a fecal-oral route?

A) Cyclospora cayetanensis

B) Norovirus

C) Taenia solium

D) All of the above

E) A and B

41) Which of the following is/are true of mumps?

A) It leads to damage of tooth enamel.

B) It is caused by species of Streptococcus.

C) It is spread by droplet contact.

D) A and B

E) A and C

42) Which of the following is/are true of gastric ulcers?

A) Common treatment includes antibiotic therapy.

B) They can be caused by Helicobacter pylori.

C) They represent a disease that can be transmitted from person to person.

D) All of the above

E) A and B

43) Considering all of the different hepatitis viruses collectively, what are some of the possible symptoms of hepatitis?

A) Jaundice

B) Liver cancer

C) Swelling of the liver

D) All of the above

E) A and B

5. The law of dominance states that one form of a hereditary trait, known as the ________ trait, prevents the expression of the other trait, known as the ________ trait.

6. Two sex-linked traits in humans are ___________________ and ________________.

7. ________________ occurs when one gene is not completely dominant over the other gene and a new phenotype is created.

8. _____________ occurs when two genes are expressed at the same time, in a sense both genes are dominant and are expressed.

9. The law of independent assortment states that segregation of alleles occurs _____________ of the segregation of other alleles.

10. Each gamete contains ______ allele for each trait.

1. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection is the logical outcome of 4 testable predictions or postulates. List and define them:

2. How is the word "fitness" defined by biologists compared to everyday use?

10. Consider a mutant strain of a pathogen that is unable to produce siderophores. What

likely impact would this have on the mutant pathogen during an infection?

11. Describe some general damaging effects of an infection.

12. Define, compare, and contrast exotoxins and endotoxins.

13. Describe the three classes of exotoxins and their mode of action.

Q1 . The authors cite the explanation of Thomas Kuhn (author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions) of how a change of 'looking at the world' (Khun's term is "paradigm shift") within the practice of science takes place. The authors compare the views of Copernicus and Ptolemy regarding the structure of our solar system as an example:

a.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

b.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to the same conclusion.

c.Copernicus and Ptolemy used different assumptions to organize the same set of facts and came to different conclusions.

d.Copernicus and Ptolemy used the same assumptions to organize a different set of facts and came to different conclusions.

Q2. "So how do scientists learn these organizing ideas? The usual way is by studying with other people who know what they're doing." Which of the choices below is the correct set of parts of speech for describing the term?

a."Organizing" is an adjective, "ideas" is a noun.

b."Organizing" is a verb, "ideas" is a noun.

c."Organizing" is a gerundive, "ideas" is a synecdoche.

Q3. Quoting the authors, "Technically, a paradigm is

a.how one goes about organizing ideas in a particular way."

b.what the study of anthropology is all about."

c.the cultural code that makes the example make sense."

Q4. Malinowski enumerates his "three principles of method" that he found leads to "success" in one's ethnographic research. (Identify the choice that does not belong.)

a.The student should have earned an advanced degree in anthropology from Cambridge or Drexel.

b.The student must approach the study scientifically, and know the values and criteria of modern ethnography.

c.The student ought to live alone with the natives, without other Westerners around.

d.The student has to apply a number of special methods of collecting, manipulating, and "fixing" the evidence that has been gathered.

Q5. Quoting Malinowski: "Our considerations thus indicate that the goal of ethnographic field work must be appreciated through three avenues:     (Identify the choice that DOES NOT belong)

a.The organization of the tribe, and the anatomy of its culture...

b.The organizing ideas that determine the cultural codes of the tribe.

c.the imponderabilia of actual life and the type of behavior have to be filled in.

d.A collection of ethnographic statements...as documents of native mentality.