Which type of tissue is more protective?

1)stratified squamous

2)simple squamous

3)simple columnar

4)pseudostratified columnar

b) true or false? Ligaments are made of dense regular connective tissue.

Which evolutionary process would you argue is currently causing the largest impact on the evolution of the tropical field cricket in the Hawaiian islands? Be sure to explain why this evolutionary process is having a greater impact than other evolutionary processes. You will be evaluated on the plausibility and provided support (citations needed) of your response

1) Species with high FST in their native range tend to spread quickly as invasive species. True or false?

2) A marine biologist collects a sample of 200 adult barnacles and determines their genotypes at a locus with 2 alleles (A, a): 60 AA, 120 Aa and 20 aa. The barnacles randomly mate and 100 of their offspring are sampled and genotyped: 36 AA, 48 Aa, 16 aa. She thinks the change in genotypic frequencies is due to natural selection. You're not convinced. Why? 2 pts.

How does female choice usually operate within cricket populations? That is, do females tend to be choosey, and what criteria do they use to make mating choices? How does female choice work differently for the Kauai field cricket population? Is this difference in female choice an adaptation or not? Explain in details.

The effects of inhibitors of DNA synthesis can be studied in an in vitro replication system containing E. coli enzymes. In this system replication of M13 DNA is sensitive to the drug rifampicin, which inhibits host–cell RNA polymerase, but replication of the E. coli cellular DNA is not.

a) What do these results suggest about the priming enzymes involved in replication of M13 DNA and E. coli DNA?

b) What would be the effect of a mutation disrupting the 5´--> 3´ exonuclease activity of DNA pol I on the replication of E. coli DNA?

Discuss the central dogma of molecular biology in detail and how RNA viruses makes use of this process

You do a series of incubations to compare the properties of E. coli DNA polymerase I and III. After incubating DNA template prepared from bacteriophage T7 with one or the other polymerase for 20 min, you add an excess of a second template, phage T3 DNA and continue the reaction for a further 40 min. You compare the amounts of T3 synthesized to the amount of T7. Most of the DNA synthesized in the polymerase I incubations is found to be T3 DNA, but almost all of the DNA in the polymerase III incubation is T7 DNA. Can you explain these results?

In mitosis, cohesin dissolves during _________, allowing sister chromatids to separate.

a. Prometaphase

b. Metaphase

c. Anaphase

d. Cytokinesis

Explain the pathway used in the formation of insulin in pancreatic beta islet cells. Start from the DNA and end with secretion from the cell.

Activity 2: Transcription

Imagine that you’re having a house built. The architect draws up a set of blueprints for the builder. The builder, in turn, has to hire several subcontractors for the electrical, plumbing, and heating systems. The builder doesn’t wish to give up the original set of blueprints, so copies are made for each of the subcontractors.

This same principle applies to a cell. The nucleus contains the master set of blueprints, the DNA. DNA molecules are needed to direct the activities that occur in the cytoplasm of each cell.

When other organelles need to manufacture materials for the cell, copies of the master blueprint are made, so that the originals are not damaged or lost. This process is referred to as transcription. The copies made by transcription will be in the form of another molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA)

There are several differences between DNA and mRNA:

In this activity you’ll transcribe a DNA code into mRNA. The DNA sequence in this activit represents a gene located on one of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that codes for a specific protein.

1. Since thymine isn’t found in mRNA, the base pairing rule you learned in the previous activity must be altered. Complete Table 9-2 by entering the appropriate bases.

Table 9 – 2 mRNA Base pairing

2. Looking at Figure 9 – 2, you can see that column one contains the DNA sequence found along one side of a double helix.

Fill in the appropriate mRNA sequence in the second column.

3. The mRNA code is composed of a sequence of three bases along the mDNA molecule. The three bases are referred to as a codon.

ATG is the first triplet on the DNA sequence. What is the corresponding codon?

4. How many codons does your mRNA strand contain?
5. What is the base sequence of the fourth codon of your mRNA?

FIGURE 9-2

Activity 3: Translation and protein synthesis

Having copied the DNA into mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and travels to a ribosome.

Reminder: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis within a cell

Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. A chain of amino acids is also referred to as a polypeptide chain because the amino acids are held together with a type of covalent bond called a peptide bond.

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA). The codons in the mRNA determine the sequence and number of amino acids being bonded into the corresponding protein.

1. Refer to the mRNA codons in Table 9-3 to determine the amino acid sequence for your protein.

To do this, just match each codon in your mRNA sequence to the corresponding amino acid as listed in the table.

Fill in column three of Figure 9-2 with the correct amino acids.

2. How many amino acids does your protein contain?
3. What is the sixth amino acid in the polypeptide chain?
4. If the sixth triple read GAA instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer.
5. If the sixth triple read GGC instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer.
6. What is the name of the bonds that attach the amino acids together within the polypeptide chain?

Animals evolved certain traits in order to adapt to their environments. These traits inform their life histories such as where the species lives, what it eats, and how it behaves. Explain at least two anatomical differences between amphibians and reptiles which explain their very different relationships to water. Explain two anatomical features that would shed light on the life history of a bird species, such as what it eats, where it lives, or any other feature. Explain the anatomical feature that would most help a scientist trying to figure out what kind of food a mammal species eats.

1. The alpine sky pilot, Polemonium viscosum is a common flowering plant in the Rocky Mountains. At high elevations, P. viscosum is pollinated mainly by B. kirbyellus bumblebees; At lower elevations, it is pollinated mainly by flies. A biologist observed that alpine sky pilot populations growing at higher elevations had significantly larger flower corollas than those growing at lower elevations.

a) Explain why flower size would be likely to affect the fitness of sky pilots at different elevations.

b) Explain why, based on fitness differences, average flower size has become different at high and low elevations.

2. A biologist claims that although the two sky pilot populations have different flower sizes, they are the same biological species.

a) How would the biologist test this hypothesis?

b) What experimental outcome would support the hypothesis that the two populations are the same biological species?

What is the significance that primates generally give birth to one offspring at a time and the elongations of gestation and infant dependency? What does this mean about the degree of learning found among prosimians, monkeys and apes.

• How does the route of administration for tropisetron relate to its activity and effectiveness? Would you have expected tropisetron to present with this activity based on its structure and physicochemical properties? Why or why not?