The pH of blood is maintained by a buffering system, consisting predominately by hydrogen carbonate ions, HCO₃^-, in equilibrium with carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, which decomposes completely to CO₂ and H₂O.

H₃O⁺ + HCO₃^- ⇌ 2H₂O + CO₂

Questions

1. During exercise, CO₂ is produced at a rapid rate in muscle.

How does exercising affect the pH of blood? Give a reason for your answer.

2. Hyperventilation (rapid and deep breathing) can occur during intense exercise.

How does hyperventilation affect the pH of the blood? Give a reason for your answer.

3. The normal first aid treatment for hyperventilation is to have the patient breathe in and out of a paper bag.

Explain briefly why this treatment works and what effect the paper bag treatment has on the pH of the blood.

Can you give me an example for competition , mutualism, cooperation, altruism, exploitation and the competitive exclusion principle?

To what does the term ‘Green Revolution’ refer? Using your knowledge of gibberellin biosynthesis and perception, discuss how this hormone has been shown to be the key to the semi-dwarfed nature of the plants of the ‘Green Revolution’.

Why is crossing over important to Forensic Biology?

Why is independent assortment important in Forensic Biology?

At the middle year 2020 ，there is an outbreak that causes patients to have fever，cough ，and breath difficulty. Discuss how methods in DNA recombinant technology can be applied to identify X virus that causes the recent outbreak. Based on a flowchart, explain steps involved accordingly and in details. (10marks)

What physical and chemical processes allow for the structural organisation of cellulose in the plant cell wall? Discussing examples where an understanding of cellulose organisation has practical and economic implications, explain how cellulose organisation is important for the plant.

1.(a)Explain how biodiversity determine the function of ecosystems.
(b)How are natural communities structured.

Huntington's Disease is caused by a dominant gene. The symptoms do not appear until middle age( age 40-45). There is a gradual degeneration of the nervous system which leads initially to muscle tremors. Death usually occurs within 10-15 years after the appearance of the initial symptoms due to deterioration of the nervous system.

As the human genome is typed, more and more tests are available to determine if a person carries a gene like this one for which there is no treatment or cure.

Using the information above, respond to the questions below.

a. If your family(Mother or Father) had a history of a genetic disorder like this one, would you choose to get tested for it? Why or why not?

b. Would the results of the tests influence your decision to have children? Explain.

c. Besides yourself, whom would you want to have access to the test results? Explain.

d. Who should not have access? Why not?

1) The following sketch shows a region of the mais genome subdivided into 10 zones. Seven deletions have been mapped to the zones as shown. The DNA region between the parentheses is removed by the deletion.

    | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |

D1 -------------(           )------------------------------------

D2 -------------------(                 )------------------------

D3 -(           )------------------------------------------------

D4 -------------------------------(           )------------------

D5 -------------------------------(                       )------

D6 -------------------(           )------------------------------

D7 -------(                       )------------------------------

a) Plants carrying a point mutation located in zone 4 (called mutation 4-1) are mated separately with the 7 deletions mentioned above. Give a general justification and then indicate by yes or no whether pseudodominance occurs in the following crosses:

1: D1 X 4-1, 2: D3 X 4-1, 3: D4 X 4-1, 4: D6 X 4-1.

b) A frameshift mutation results in pseudominance effect when crossed with D2, D4, and D5 only. In which zone is this mutation located? Justify briefly.

c) Is there a gene in the zone identified in question b)? If yes explain your reasoning. (hint: rerad question above, and think mutation type)

Lavinia is 35 years old. She is married to Sebastian who is a year younger than Lavinia. Lavinia and Sebastian are thrilled to have two daughters. One is nine years old. The other is seven.

Lavinia and Sebastian were originally hoping to add a son to their family, but they had mostly given up hope because they hadn’t had any luck conceiving again after their youngest daughter was born. And, they had stopped trying when Sebastian lost his job because money is a bit tight.

Lavinia has recently discovered that she is pregnant. She and Sebastian are excited that she might be carrying the son they have wanted in their family, but they are also stressed at the thought of having another mouth to feed.

When Lavinia met with her physician, she explained that she and her husband still desperately want a boy. Indeed, she expressed that she wants to continue the pregnancy only if the physician can do tests and determine that the fetus she is carrying is male. She has made clear that she wants to terminate her pregnancy and that she will be requesting an abortion if the fetus is not male. She has made equally clear that she wants to terminate the pregnancy and that she will be requesting an abortion if her physician won’t do the tests to identify the sex of the fetus.

Explore the ethics of sex selection involving abortion in contrast to sex selection involving preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) you are welcome to do this by considering whether it would make a difference, in the case study, if Lavinia were asking her physician to identify and implant only a male fetus to begin her pregnancy.

23. What are the reference methods for the following?
1. Triglycerides
2. Total cholesterol
3. HDL-C
4. LDL-C
5. Lipoproteins (HDL, VLDL, Lp(a), LDL, Chylomicrons

24. What are the NCEP and ATP classifications of LDL, Total, and HDL
Cholesterol?

25. What is the typical reference interval for triglycerides?

please can you add your reference of your answers thank you

1) Decribe the location of all organs in the respitory system using directional terms.

2) Explain how homeostatic mechanisms keep the balance of the structure and function in the respitory system.

A healthy 26-year-old woman sustained a significant crush injury to her right upper extremity while on the job at a local construction site. She was brought to the emergency department and subsequently underwent pinning and reconstructive surgery and received perioperative broad-spectrum antibiotics. Her blood pressure remained normal throughout her hospital course. On the second hospital day, a medical consultant noted a marked increase in her creatinine, from 0.8 to 1.9 mg/dL. Her urine output dropped to 20 mL/h. Serum creatine kinase was ordered and reported as 3400 units/L.

Questions

What are the primary causes of this patient’s acute kidney injury? How should her kidney injury be categorized (as prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal)?

How should she be treated?

1. Look at the following data tables obtained by students who performed the experiment in the past and complete the following tasks:

1. Using table 1 as your data set, build your Standard Curve by plotting protein concentration in the x-axis and absorbance in the y-axis. Also ask Excel to include the data trendline, the R2 value and the equation for the linear regression. Don’t forget to label your axis.

2. Using the data provided by table 2 and the equation obtained from your standard curve, please calculate protein concentration in the undiluted Mitochondria and Wheat germ extracts. Hint: You can only work with absorbance values that “fit” within your standard curve. Hint 2: Remember to multiply by dilution factor if necessary.

Table 1. Standard Curve

Table 2. Absorbance of different samples