Answer BOTH parts of this question:
a) There are many wine yeasts and each has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Briefly describe TWO (2) ways in which wine yeasts might be genetically modified, by whichever approach, to improve their performance in wine fermentations.

b) There are many approaches that can be used to improve the characteristics of a wine yeast. Discuss ONE (1) NON-genetic engineering approach that might be used to create a novel yeast strain and compare the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to genetic engineering approaches to the same problem.

Question 1.

Describe in detail how a protein-encoding gene in a eukaryote is transcribed as mRNA, and what events happen to the mRNA before it can be translated into a protein.

Question 2.

You want to investigate the effect of a probiotic on your gut microbiome- the population of bacteria living in your digestive tract. You collect faecal samples prior to and after consumption of the probiotic. Describe in detail how you would sequence the metagenome of the bacteria in these faecal samples and what bioinformatic analyses you would undertake.

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

Multiple Choice

• rectum.

• stomach.

• esophagus.

• large intestine.

• small intestine.

How does Kohler Illumination affect resolution – be specific in your answer?

(hint: do NOT simply describe how to do Kohler Illumination, remember what Kohler illumination does for your ability to resolve your specimen).

In an imaginary pathway the intermediate E is a substrate of both enzyme 1 and enzyme 2, creating products F and G respectively. Intermediate E is present at 1.2 mM and the Km values for this substrate for enzymes 1 and 2 are 0.2 mM and 3 mM respectively.

Question: What would the effect of an increase in the concentration of E have on the relative populations of the products F and G?

1. Only the population of G would increase as enzyme 1 is already working a maximum.
2. Both F and G would increase to equal amounts of each product.
3. Both F and G would increase but the amount of F would be greater than G
4. You cannot predict the relative populations of F and G from the information given.

Why is hyostylic jaw suspension NOT adaptive for tetrapods living on land?

“the phase contrast technique employs an optical mechanism to translate minute variations in phase into corresponding changes in amplitude, which can be visualized as differences in image contrast.” Explain this statement in terms of HOW phase contrast works with its 2 optic rings?

In phase contrast microscopy, why do you have to change the Phase Contrast condenser annulus to MATCH the objective you are using?

Describe and identify appropriate safety precautions

You’ve decided to take up business as a kale farmer; however, a disease has all but decimated the kale industry. You have a gene that can save the kale industry, make it resistant to this disease, but need to get it into the kale genome. Explain how you would insert a transgene into kale to provide it resistance against this disease.

What is the correct order of the utilization of the following enzymes during synthesis of an Okazaki fragment? 1. RNA Primase 2. DNA Polymerase III 3. DNA Ligase 4. DNA Helicase 5. DNA Polymerase I

1. Using the letter “e” slide and the 4x (scanning) objective lens:

1. Using the circle on the right, draw the letter “e”
   exactly as it appears under the 4x objective lens.

Note that you can snap a photo with a smartphone
or take a screenshot of your computer screen of
the 4x image instead of drawing it here. Label the
photograph as “3a” and include it with your submitted
work if you choose to use this method.

2. What is the total magnification of the image?

3. How is the orientation of the letter “e” as seen through the microscope different from the way an “e” normally appears?

4. If the letter “e” is not lighted brightly enough or is too bright, what part of the microscope would it be best to adjust?

5. In what direction does the image appear to move when the stage is moved to your left?

6. In what direction does the image appear to move when the stage is moved away from you?

2. Using the letter “e” slide and the low power (10X) objective lens:

1. How has the image of the letter “e” changed when you switched from the 4X to the 10X objective lens? Could you still see the full letter “e”?

3. Using the letter “e” slide and the high power (40X) objective lens:

1. Could you see the entire letter “e” with the 40X objective lens in place?

2. Is your field of view on high power larger or smaller than the field of view on low power?

4. Using a cheek cell slide:

1. In the circle on the right, draw a picture of
   one cheek cell viewed under high power (40X) and
   label the nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

Note that you can snap a photo with a smartphone or
take a screenshot of your computer screen of the 40x
image. Label the photograph as “7a” and include it
with your submitted work if you choose to use this method.

5. Using the onion root tip slide

1. In the circle on the right, draw the cells of
   the onion root tip as you see them under the
   microscope at 40x. Label all the organelles and
   cell structures you can identify.

Note that you can snap a photo with a smartphone
or take a screenshot of your computer screen of
the 40x image. Label the photograph as “7a” and
include this with your submitted work if you choose
to use this method.

6. Using the bacterial cell slide

1. In the circle on the right, draw the cells of
   the bacteria as you see them under the
   microscope at 100x. Label all the organelles and
   cell structures you can identify.

Note that you can snap a photo with a smartphone
or take a screenshot of your computer screen of
the 100x image. Label the photograph as “15a” and
include this with your submitted work if you choose
to use this method.

7. What do prokaryotic cells have instead of a nucleus?

8. Fill in the blanks with one (or more) of these choices: plant cell, animal cell, or bacterial cell. Questions may have more than one answer and answers can be used more than once.

1. You observed some cells through a microscope. You did not see any organelles in these cells.
   

These cells are ____________________________________

2. You saw a cell with a flagellum, but it wasn’t a sperm cell.

The cell observed is a _______________________________

3. You saw a cell with a cell wall. Which type(s) of cells would not be a correct identification?

The cell is not a(n) __________________________________

9. Fill in the blanks:

1. Three organelles and/or cell structures that are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells are: ___________________, __________________, and _____________________.

2. The structure where proteins are manufactured is a: ____________________.

3. An infertile man has a sperm sample tested and discovered the sperm have low motility (don’t swim normally). The malfunctioning cell structure in these sperm is a: ______________________________.

4. Two structures that a material would have to cross to enter the cytoplasm of a plant cell are the ___________________ and the ________________________.

5. ______________________ would be more numerous in muscle cells than skin cells, due to the higher energy needs muscle cells have.

6. The ___________________________ is responsible for manufacturing fats (lipids) for use and storage in a cell.

7. The location where genetic information is stored is the: ___________________.

8. The location in the cell where most organelles can be found is the: ________________________________.

1. The ____________________________________ allows some materials to enter the cell, but not others.

Connect the concepts for the following terms

- edge effect
- buffer zone
- corridor
- carrying capacity