9. List therapeutic options for COVID-19 currently under investigation.

If you made mice homozygous for loss-of-function mutations in Crx would you expect the level of GADD transcription to increase or decrease (relative to wildtype/normal)? Would GADD be the only gene affected by the loss-of-function Crx mutation or would the transcriptional levels of other genes change as well? Explain your answer.

Which of the following changes leads to an increase in entropy of the system?

The evaporation of water from a puddle

The freezing of water into an ice cube

The formation of starch from glucose molecules

The digestion of protein into amino acids

None of these

Explain how an E. coli cell that is deficient for proline synthesis (pro-) could become pro+ through the process of transduction.

• What determines protein structure?
• Describe the experiment that lead to this conclusion?
• What type of chemical interactions are involved in the tertiary protein structure?

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disease that causes the breakdown and loss of retinal cells. Retinitis pigmentosa often starts with decreased night vision and will progress to blindness as retinal cells die.

Several genes have been linked to Retinitis pigmentosa, one of which is GADD. Mice lacking GADD (these mice were experimentally created so that the GADD region of the genome was deleted) have increased expression of non-retinal genes in retinal cells. In other words, in these mutant mice, genes that are not normally expressed in the retina are expressed.  

Crx is a key retinal transcription factor. Crx binds regulatory elements called CBRs (Crx-binding regions). GADD has two CBRs, one immediately proximal to the transcription start site (TSS), and one a few hundred base pairs downstream of the TSS.

You have received DNA from three patients with Retinitis pigmentosa. From the DNA, you sequence the GADD gene and its proximal/core promoter region.   

None of the patients have mutations in the coding region of GADD. All of the mutations you find are in the CBRs. Your findings are below:

• Patient 1 – Mutation in CBR1
• Patient 2 – Mutation in CBR2
• Patient 3 – Mutation in CBR1 and CBR2

How can mutations in non-coding regions cause a change in phenotype (in this case leading to retinitis pigmentosa)? Note: you do not have to give all possible reasons, explanations of one or two ways mutations in non-coding regions can have phenotypic effects is sufficient.

One can take a fragment of genomic DNA carrying a eukaryotic gene and clone it into a bacterial plasmid, containing an origin of replication and a selectable marker gene. Although the eukaryotic DNA can be stably replicated in the bacteria, the gene is often not expressed. Explain four possible reasons why this is the case.

part b: Describe how bacteriophages and animal viruses may have evolved (Under the progressive hypothesis) part c; How is the egress of new virus particles different for an enveloped virus versus a non-enveloped virus? Explain each process part d: What is receptor-mediated endocytosis and how is it involved in virus entry? part e: How do plant viruses overcome the barrier of the cellulose wall and cuticle of plant cells in order to infect? part f: Compare the entry into host cells of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses

Hemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder. If an unaffected woman mates with an unaffected man, and they have 2 children with hemophilia, and 2 children who are unaffected,

What are the chances that the couple will have a girl who does not have hemophilia?

Define population substructure and population assignment. Give examples of their relevance in forensic application and wildlife research

Which of the following best explains why you made two separate chromosomes of the same size from the beads?

Select one:

A. They represent the homologous pair of chromosomes an organism would get from its parents

B. They represent the duplicated chromosomes that appear as a result of DNA replication

C. They represent a set of chromosomes created as a result of nondisjunction

D. They represent two different chromosomes that are not a homologous pair

E. None of the above are explanations for why you made two chromosomes of the same size

Duplicated chromosomes are physically connected along an area of the chromosome known as the ____.

Select one:

A. Mitotic spindle

B. Centromere

C. Chromatin

D. Centrosome

E. Gene’s locus

It will be difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase because

Select one:

A. You can never observe an individual chromosome due to their small size

B. The chromosomes leave the nucleus and are dispersed within the cytoplasm

C. The DNA has not been replicated yet

D. The spindle must move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate before they are visible

E. The chromosomes are in their uncondensed/unwound form

Homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate during which stage of mitosis?

Select one:

A. Telophase

B. Anaphase

C. Metaphase

D. Interphase

E. Early prophase

The dividing cell shown here would be in___ of___. Assume that the starting cell was diploid and it was 2n = 4.

Select one:

A. Metaphase; meiosis II

B. Anaphase; meiosis I

C. Anaphase; mitosis

D. Metaphase; meiosis I

E. Metaphase; mitosis

What are the advantages and disadvantages of VNTRs?

Can someone please tell me if these calculations are correct! I'm reviewing my notes, and my professor said to always multiply the lipids by 3 and then divide by 7 to get the total amount of cals of lipids per day... I'm not completely sure why you do that? Can someone explain. Why don't you just stop at 700 cals for lipids?

1. Calculate the number of calories and grams protein for the following TPN solution:
D50W in 500cc
10% AA in 500cc
20% lipids in 350cc (given piggy back 3 times a week)
Flow rate: 75cc/h x 24h

The total number of calories is 2,190 kcals on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (lipids) and 1,890 on the days with no lipids, and the total grams of protein is 90 grams.

Total Formula Volume: 75 ml/ hr x 24 hours = 1800 mL (1.8 L)

            Dextrose: 500 mL x 1.8 L = 900 mL

            AA: 500 mL x 1.8 L = 900 mL

Dex: 900 mL x 0.5 g/mL = 450 g x 3.4 kcal/g = 1,530 kcal dextrose

AA: 900 mL x .10 g/mL = 90 grams protein x 4 kcal/g = 360 kcal protein

Lipids: 350 mL x 2 cal/mL = 700 kcal x 3 days = 2100 kcal / 7 days = 300 kcals

Total kcals: 1,530 + 360 + 300 = 2,190 kcals (MWF- 3 days with lipids)

                    2,190 – 300 = 1,890 (calories for days without lipids)

Describe the clinical consequences of a genetic or nutritional deficiency in the enzyme or cofactor listed below. Describe the cause of this disease (lack of type of food or genetic inheritance pattern) and its prevalence. Include any theory that describes the molecular mechanisms that connect the lack of enzyme activity to the disease symptoms.

a) hexokinase
b) phosphofructokinase
c) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate kinase