Question 5 (alternate). Gene and protein expression (Total 4 marks)

A. You have successfully completed your two-channel microarray experiment and have obtained Red and Green intensity values for each feature/probe on the array.

i. Describe how you would initially transform the data so that increases and decreases in gene expression are treated equally. (1 mark)

ii. What method would you use to normalise the intensities of the two dyes, as well as to eliminate other systematic differences due to unequal experimental conditions. (1 mark)

B. You wish to normalise data values between arrays. Provide details of a method for normalising data between arrays.

What is the iron-containing portion of hemoglobin (Hint: think blood) and myoglobin (Hint: think muscle) molecules called? _______In which specific types of cells in the body will you find these two iron-containing portions?___________ and _____________cells

Definitions

Present the Tissue Phantom Ratio and Tissue Maximum Ratio equations. Describe

how the two quantities are related.

Define, percentage depth dose (include a sentence description, equation and

diagram).

Describe how %D at depth (dref) is affected (i.e. increased or decreased) by

increasing field size, increasing SSD, increasing energy. Give a reason for the effect in each case.

Explain the significance of the term "Taq" in genetics

Should humans be concerned about the pace of extinctions of organisms that are not directly related to our survival? Why or why not?

List the all seven processes involved in the steady-state active protein concentrations in a cell. Give a specific example of how the cell controls four of these processes.

What type of biosensor can be used to measure the reaction between anti-tTG and tissue transglutaminase? How will the measurement be made for their reaction? What biological elements, transducer, and tool for signal processing (if I want to use wireless connect between the biosensor and a phone) should I used for this type of biosensor?

write a report about ( disease caused by Ascomycota powder mildews )..

3.describe completely an ?-keratin structure like hair explain what is holding the ? helical structures together and what type of interaction holds ?-keratin, is a type coil together . hair and animals horns are made up of a ?-keratin, structure but they obviously have different properties explain how this is possible

4.in fetal hemoglobin the important Ser on the y chain mutates to Cyc why ?

5.in collagen triplex helix all hydroxylsine was altered to Ala why e?

6.In myoglobin HisF8 was changed to Trp, what are the consequences of this ?

Compare the mechanisms that C_3, C₄, and CAM plants use to obtain and use carbon dioxide.

Why would you expect photorespiration on a hot, dry day to occur less in C₄ and CAM plants than in C₃ plants?

why the progross of gene therapy has been dissapointly slow , give actual examples of failure gene therapy trails

A friend of yours has twin 5 year old girls and loves to take them to the pool. You friend tells you, however that the most annoying thing is that although the girls are asked to pee before going into the pool, they generally say they don't have to pee, just to ask to go pee 5 minutes after being in the pool! "What's up with that?!" your friend asks, "Could there be something wrong with the girls, are they just being mischievous? Do you think I should take them to the doctor to see if there is a problem with their bladders? It only ever happens when they go into the pool". As a physiology student, apply your knowledge to explain why the girls tend to have to pee when they go swimming.

Question 1) Using your knowledge of physiology and circulation, how does the body respond if it gets cold, as would be the case during swimming?

1. Which receptor is responsible for detecting cold?
2. What pathway does the information travel up to the brain?
3. Where in the brain is the information received?
4. To conserve heat, where will blood be directed? To the limbs, or to the vital organs?
5. How is blood directed?

Question 2) Now that we know where blood is being directed when the body gets cold, how does that affect the following?

1. Blood pressure
2. Cardiac output
3. ANS
4. Osmoreceptors, Posterior Pituitary and ADH

Questions 3) How do the kidneys respond to the changes that can occur in blood pressure, cardiac output, ANS, Osmoreceptor, Posterior Pituitary and ADH, as noted in the previous questions?

1. How do the kidneys respond to changes in blood pressure?
2. How do the kidneys respond to changes in cardiac output and blood volume?
3. How do the kidneys respond to changes in ANS?
4. How do the kidneys respond to changes detected by osmoreceptors?
5. What hormones regulate water uptake in the kidneys?
6. What are water channels called?
7. In which part (s) of the nephron is water absorbed?

Question 4) Now that you have applied your knowledge, what can you tell your friend about their question? Is there something wrong? (Yes or no). What is your diagnosis?

******PLEASE INDICATE WHICH QUESTION YOU ARE ANSWERING

What different characteristics would you expect to find in a bacterium that causes infection in/on:

–Lungs?

–Small intestines?

–Stomach?

–Skin?

- What are the genomics and proteomics features of the isolate (Campylobacter Hepaticus) and compare them to those of other common Campylobacter species.

  - The risk of antibiotic resistant plasmids present in bacteria isolated from poultry sources.