A number of other related drugs with a similar indication to tropisetron are not being considered for use in Alzheimer’s disease. What distinguishes tropisetron from other drugs? Consider the paper and its specific findings.

Biology review Sheet - NEED ANSWERS ASAP - the last person did this very poorly

1. Identify and differentiate between the asexual spores and sporangia produced by zygomycetes and the conidia and conidiophores produced by ascomycetes.

2. Describe mycorrhizae and lichens and explain the role of each organism involved in each of these mutualistic relationships. If presented with a lichen specimen, you should be able to identify it as such.

3. Ste why Bryophytes (mosses) and Pteridophytes (Ferns) are restricted to habitats that are moist.

4. State why Bryophytes exhibit low, sprawling growth.

5. Differentiate between xylem and phloem.

6. Define Heterospory and distinguish between microspores and megaspores (i.e. with respect to what they develop into). State which plant groups are heterosporous.

7. List for differences between seeds and spores.

8. Describe pollen (i.e. what is pollen?) and explain why pollen provides and advantage to plants that produce it.

9. Describe a seed (i.e. what is a seed?) state which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) develops from a seed, and state the advantage of producing seeds.

10. Describe a flower; label the parts of a flower; identify the male and female reproductive organs; the site of pollen production; site of egg production; and site of fertilization; and state the purpose of flowers.

11. Define fruit and explain how fruits are advantageous to flowering plants.

12. State which structures of the flower develop into the seed and fruit respectively.

13. Differentiate between simple, aggregate, accessory, and multiple fruits, with examples.

14. Compare and contrast the life cycles of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (some of this included in the list for objective 6 above).

part 2

1. Describe at least 5 characteristics that green algae and land plants have in common.
2. List and briefly describe at least 5 challenges faced by plants in “making the move to land”.
3. List at least 5 adaptations (shared derived characteristics) of land plants and briefly explain how these4 features are adaptive for life on land.
4. Diagram the generalized alternation of generations, the reproductive cells produced (spores, gametes, and zygote) and where mitosis, meiosis and fertilization take place.
5. Indicate which stages/structures in the alternation of generations life cycle are haploid and which are diploid, and which are multicellular and which are unicellular.
6. Compare/contrast phylum Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Cupressophyta, and Anthophyta with regards to:

• The presence of a waxy cuticle, sporangia and gametangia, and embryo retention.
• The presence of stomata
• The presence of vascular tissue
• The presence of true roots and leaves
• The dominance, size and independence of the sporophyte and gametophyte stages
• How fertilization is accomplished (i.e. do flagellated sperm swim to the egg or is the male gametophyte transported to the female via wind and/or animal dispersed pollen grains?).
• The reproductive structures that are being dispersed
• If the female gametophyte is contained within and ovule, and if so, the ovule is within an ovary.
• Whether seeds, flowers and/or fruit are produced
• … and be able to state/identify/describe any other distinguishing features of these phyla that are noted in you lab manual 9e.g., rhizoids, sori, cones, the sporophytes vs. gametophyte generation…etc).

part 3

1. List the general characteristic of fungi that distinguish them from members of other multicellular kingdoms (i.e. Plants and Animals).
2. State at least two characteristics of fungi that support the hypothesis that they are more closely related to animals than to plants (i.e. what are some features found in fungi and animals, but not in plants?).
3. Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients.
4. Describe the basic body plan of a multicellular fungus.
5. State what a yeast is.
6. Differentiate between coenocytic and septate fungi.
7. Draw/fill-in/answer questions related to a diagram illustrating the basic (generalized) lifecycle of a fungus, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Identify the haploid, diploid, and heterokaryotic stages, and define plasmogamy and karyogamy.
8. State the function of a fungal fruiting body
9. Explain the significance of cyanobacteria to the evolution of life on Earth and the important roles cyanobacteria play in ecosystems.
10. Identify specimens of any of the cyanobacteria colony, and state the significance (role) of these cells.
11. Explain why it s that people who cannot tolerate milk can often eat yogurt.
12. Given the results of the gram stain, be able to identify which bacteria are Gram positive and which are gram negative
13. Define zone of inhibition.
14. Given a plate (or and image of a plate) that has been incubated with bacteria and antibiotic discs, identify which antibiotic(s) the bacterium was sensitive to, which antibiotic(s) the bacterium was resistant to, and justify your answer by explaining how/why the zones of inhibition form and what a larger zone means. → Hint: Your answer should refer to the concentration antibiotic as it diffuses in to the agar.
15. Explain how pathogenic bacteria may acquire antibiotic resistance, how antibiotic resistance can quickly spread through a bacterial population, and how misuse of antibiotics an promote prevalence of resistant strains → Hint: Your answer should refer to mutations , lateral/horizontal gene transfer, rapid reduction in bacteria, and natural selection (i.e. change environment with addition of antibiotic → resistant strains favored)

16. Briefly explain why antibiotics are effective at killing bacterial cells, but do not seem to impact human sells. → Hint: This is in your assignment.

part 4

1. State several characteristics of Archaea that distinguish this group from Bacteria.
2. Distinguish between halophile, thermophiles, and methanogens.
3. List the major characteristics that define domain Bacteria
4. Differentiate between cocci, bacilli, and spirilli.
5. Define “endospores” and explain how endospores have contributed to the success of some bacteria.
6. Differentiate between the following modes of nutrition: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph.
7. Differentiate between obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.
8. Understand/explain sterile technique. Both when pouring plates and spreading bacteria on plates.
9. Distinguish between the structure of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and clearly explain how these differences allow the Gram staining procedure to differentiate between these groups (this will require both explaining how the Gram staining procedure is carried out and how differences in morphology of these two groups of bacteria result in different end colors).

part 5

1. Define “taxonomy”.
2. Define “binomial nomenclature” and know how to properly write an organism’s scientific name.
3. List the major taxonomic categories or the current hierarchical classification system, from the most to least inclusive.
4. Describe Linnaeus’ original two kingdom classification and name two shortcomings of this scheme.
5. List three Domains
6. State the guidelines/rules for properly building a dichotomous key and/or identify errors in an example a dichotomous key and/or build a dichotomous key using a given set of specimens

The general structure of the replication fork and the enzymes and steps involved in resolving Okazaki fragments.

2.) Consider the following RNA sequence, which represents the beginning of an open reading frame: 5’-AUGGGACUAGAUACC-3’. Examine each of the sequences below, describe the change to the sequence, and state whether it represents a silent, missense, nonsense, or frameshift mutation. If frameshift, be sure to include the consequences of the frameshift (nonsense or massive missense). Use the codon table. a) 5’-AUGGGUCUAGAUACC-3’ b) 5’-AUGCGACUAGAUACC-3’ c) 5’-AUGGGACUAGUUACC-3’ d) 5’AUGGGACUAAGAUACC-3’ 3. Using a couple of sentences each, describe the function of each of the following in regulating eukaryotic gene expression: a) promoter b) enhancer c) histone acetyltransferase d) 5-methylcytosine

On the planet Proboscide, there are elephants that are the size of flies. They genomic makeup is also very similar to the genomic make up of earth drosophila. There are two genes of interest for the elephants. They are PNT, and WGT.

The PNT gene produces two phenotypes, those elephants that like to eat peanuts and wild types that do not.

The WGT gene produces a wild-type phenotype of elephants near mean-weight, and a mutant phenotype where the weights are extreme (very heavy). Both genes have two alleles at their loci.

The mode of inheritance for the WGT gene is autosomal dominant, homozygous lethal. The mode of inheritance for the PNT gene is autosomal recessive. The two genes are unlinked.

In a cross between a male elephant with both extreme weight and that likes peanuts, and female elephant with wild-type phenotypes for both loci (true breeding at each locus)offspring are produced. Among these offspring, two elephants, both with extreme weight and wild-type PNT phenotypes (don't like peanuts) are crossed. In an F₂ offspring pool of approximately 1000 elephants, the most likely pairs of phenotype counts are:

A. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 500
(WGT, +) 500
(+, PNT) 0
(+, +) 0

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

B. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 570
(WGT, +) 180
(+, PNT) 187
(+, +) 62

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the respective gene.

C. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 333
(WGT, +) 334
(+, PNT) 167
(+, +) 162

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

D. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 0
(WGT, +) 681
(+, PNT) 0
(+, +) 319

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

E. (Phenotype 01, Phenotype 02) Count
(WGT, PNT) 252
(WGT, +) 252
(+, PNT) 240
(+, +) 261

Here, + is the wild-type phenotype at for the repsective gene.

Please answer in detail.(2 pages)
At the core of a fluorescence microscope is the dichroic mirror. What function does the dichroic mirror perform?

Use the preamble below to answer Questions 27 and 28
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, red eye colour (R) is dominant to white eye colour (r). A
student wishes to perform a test cross to determine whether a female red eyed fruit fly is
homozygous or heterozygous for the eye colour. The student mates the female fruit fly with a red
eye coloured male and studies the offspring, which are 100% red eye. The student concludes that
the genotype of the female fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is "RR".
27. What mistake(s) did the student make if any? Briefly explain in bullet points. [5 Marks]
28. Suggest the best way by which a breeder could successfully maintain a supply of red eye
Drosophila melanogaster of the variety that is heterozygous for eye colour. [5 Marks]
Use the preamble below to answer Questions 29 and 30
In a breed of cattle, rough coat is dominant over smooth, and black coat is codominant to red. What
do the following statements mean?
29. The loci of the two pair of genes concerned are on the same pair of chromosomes (assuming
no crossing over). [5 Marks]
30. The loci of the two pair of genes concerned are on different pairs of chromosomes.
[5 Marks]

Select a contrast mode in microscopy. In the space below, describe and illustrate it in detail (hint: phase, dark-field, bright-field)
Please answer in detail.(2 page limit)

a.) Describe the structural differences between fibrin and fibrinogen.

b.) What is a SNP? What is an insertion? Give an example of a SNP that would not affect the product protein.

1. For the lac operon, explain what would happen and why regarding expression of the operon in each of the following scenarios. Be sure to include both positive and negative regulation in your explanation. a.) lactose is present, glucose is absent b.) lactose is absent, glucose is present c.) both lactose and glucose are present d.) lactose is present, glucose is absent, but there is a mutation to the sequence in the CAP site

A kilogram of solution contains following particles dissolved in water 3g of NaCl and 5g of CaCl calculate the osmolarity of the solution ( molecular weight NaCl 58.44g/mol and 110.98g/mol forCaCl).

1. Explain the process by which excess nutrients are converted to energy storage molecules and compare and contrast glycogen and fat as energy storage molecules.

2. Explain the role of ATP in living things. List the major inputs and outputs of aerobic respiration. Describe how the inputs are delivered to cells and the waste products removed. Describe the three major stages of aerobic respiration.