Question

37) Which of the following can be transmitted via a fecal-oral route?

A) Cyclospora cayetanensis

B) Norovirus

C) Taenia solium

D) All of the above

E) A and B

41) Which of the following is/are true of mumps?

A) It leads to damage of tooth enamel.

B) It is caused by species of Streptococcus.

C) It is spread by droplet contact.

D) A and B

E) A and C

42) Which of the following is/are true of gastric ulcers?

A) Common treatment includes antibiotic therapy.

B) They can be caused by Helicobacter pylori.

C) They represent a disease that can be transmitted from person to person.

D) All of the above

E) A and B

43) Considering all of the different hepatitis viruses collectively, what are some of the possible symptoms of hepatitis?

A) Jaundice

B) Liver cancer

C) Swelling of the liver

D) All of the above

E) A and B

Answer 1

ANSWER 37: D) All of the above

REASON: When the pathogens present in the fecal matter of an infected person passes on to the mouth of a healthy person either through water or food, then this is known as the faeco-oral route of transmission. This occurs because of consuming contaminated food and water which is a result of unhygienic practices.

Cyclospora cayetanensis: It as a coccidian protozoan which causes Cyclosporiasis (intestinal distress and diarrhoea) in humans. The infection is transmitted through the sporulated oocysts present in the faeces of the infected person. Now, the oocysts cannot sporulate inside the body of host, which means they require the external environment to undergo sporulation and complete their life cycle. This is the reason that they are present in the faecal matter. From the faecal matter they are then further transmitted through contaminated food and water to a healthy person. Hence, option A is CORRECT

Norovirus: It is a virus which causes gastroenteritis. This virus can be transmitted by air borne transmission as well as by faeco-oral route of transmission. Symptoms include mainly vomiting as well as diarrhea and dehydration. Hence, option B is CORRECT.

Taenia solium: It is a kind of tapeworm that is mainly found in pigs. The adult tapeworm causes Taeniasis and the ingestion of eggs causes Cysticercosis in humans. The mode of transmission is through faeco-oral route. When a pig is given fodder that is infected with fecal particles of an infected human, and if further a healthy person consumes the pig as pork which may be slightly uncooked, the the infection is transmitted to him. For this organism humans are the definitive host and pigs are the intermediate host because it needs both (humans and pigs) to complete its life cycle. Hence, option C is CORRECT.

From the above explanation we can conclude that all the three organisms can be transmitted via feco-oral route, thus, option D is more appropriate answer.

ANSWER 41: C) It is spread by droplet contact

REASON: Mumps is viral disease caused by the Mumps orthorubulavirus. This disease is mainly characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands.

Mode of transmission: Droplet transmission

Symptoms: painful salivary glands (parotid glands), loss of appetite, fatigue, difficulty in speaking etc.

Complications: Deafness, pancreatitis, meningitis, orchitis, swelling of ovaries, and infertility.

Prevention: Mumps vaccine (MMR Vaccine)

There is no damage to the enamel of teeth in a person infected with mumps. Hence, option A is INCORRECT.

Streptococcus is a genus of gram positive spherical bacteria. As we know, mumps is a viral disease that is caused by the Mumps orthorubulavirus, hence, option B is INCORRECT.

The virus mainly resides in the saliva of the infected person as it causes the swelling of the salivary glands. Thus, it is transmitted through the respiratory droplets of the infected person. Hence, option C is CORRECT.

Option D is INCORRECT because both A and B are false.

Option E is INCORRECT because option A is false.

ANSWER 42: D) All of the above

REASON: Gastric ulcers are ulcers or sores that occur on the lining of stomach.

The common treatment of gastric ulcers include antibiotic therapy. Amoxicillin, Metronidazole, Levofloxacin, tinidazole are some of the antibiotics used for the treatment of gastric ulcers. Hence, option A is CORRECT.

Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative bacteria which causes peptic ulcers. Peptic ulcers are of two types: Gastric ulcer and Duodenal ulcer. Hence, option B is CORRECT.

The causative agent of gastric ulcers is Helicobacter pylori. This bacteria is transmitted through saliva of infected person or through feco-oral route of transmission. Thus, gastric ulcers can be transmitted from one person to another. Hence, option C is CORRECT.

The most appropriate option is D as it says all the above (A, B, C,) are correct.

ANSWER 43: D) All of the above

REASON: Hepatitis is a viral disease caused by the Hepatitis virus ( A, B, C, D, E) . This virus causes the inflammation of the tissues of liver.

HEPA means Liver and -ITIS means inflammation

Hepatitis is of two types:

1. Acute hepatitis: This is cured within 6 months.
2. Chronic hepatitis: This lasts beyond 6 months.

Jaundice is a symptom of acute hepatitis along with other symptoms like vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, etc. Hence, option A is CORRECT.

Liver cancer is a complication of chronic hepatitis along with liver failure and liver cirrhosis. Hence, option B is CORRECT.

Whenever a part of the body is inflamed, swelling occurs. In hepatitis, there is inflammation of liver, thus, swelling occurs. Hence, option C is CORRECT.

But, option D is more appropriate as it says all of the above (A, B, C) are CORRECT.