What are the two types of genetic SI(self-incompatibility) in plants?

21.       Which of the following terms refers to RNA only?

a.         Double helix

b.         Thymine

c.         Uracil

d.         Cytosine

e.         Guanine

22.       Codons are located on:

a.         Ribosomes                  d.         rRNA

b.         tRNA                           e.         DNA

c.         mRNA

23.       EcoR1 and HindIII are two different restriction enzymes. If the DNAs of different organisms are cut as described below, which DNAs could NOT join together and be permanently sealed?

a.      Human DNA cut with EcoR1/ chimp DNA cut with EcoR1

b.      Prokaryotic DNA cut with HindIII/ eukaryotic DNA cut with HindIII

c.      Mouse liver DNA cut with EcoR1/ mouse kidney DNA cut with EcoR1

d.      Mouse DNA cut with HindIII/ chimp DNA cut with HindIII

e.      Bacterial DNA cut with EcoR1/ mouse DNA cut with HindIII

24.                   Organism                    Diploid Chromosome number

Crab                                        236

Human                                    46

Spider Lily                              46

Pea                                          14

Yeast   (fungus)                       12

The chromosome counts above support the idea that:

a.                     the more chromosomes a species has, the more complex it is.

b.                    the fewer chromosomes a species has, the more ancient its evolutionary history.

c.                     all species have a unique chromosome number common only to them.

d.                     species may differ from each other in chromosome number.

27. Roundup-Ready ™ Soybeans are:

       a.    easier to harvest than other varieties.

       b.    resistant to insect attack.

       c.    higher in nutrition than other varieties.

       d.    resistant to a specific herbicide.

                                   e.         not usable in food products

28        Which of the following organisms has the most chromosomes (DNA?)

            a.         a fruit fly

            b.         a human

            c.         a dog

            d.         a grass plant

            e.         you cannot tell without looking at cells.

                       29.       One species’ DNA differs from others in its _____.

            a          sugars

            b          phosphates

            c          base sequences

            d          all of the above

                       30.       What are the base-pairing rules for DNA?

            a          A-G, T-C

            b          A-C, T-G

            c          A-U, C-G

            d          A-T, G-C

            e          either c or d

5. The following second messenger activates protein kinase C

A) cAMP

B)DAG

C)cGMP

D) IP3

E) calcium

6. Which of these is the second messenger for calmodulin?

A) cAMP

B)DAG

C)cGMP

D) IP3

E) calcium

7. Which of these is the second messenger thatv leads to glucose mobilization?

A) cAMP

B) IP3

C) DAG

D) Calcium

E) cGMP

8. Which of these second messengers opens calcium channels?

A) IP3

B) cAMP

C) cGMP

D)DAG

E) calcium

9. Which of these second messengers triggers vasodilation (think Cialis)

A) IP3

B) calcium

C) cAMP

D) cGMP

E) DAG

Name ten diseases, five caused by viruses and five by bacteria, and identify the organism for each. (ESSAY)

Porifera and Cnidaria

1. What level of organization do sponges have?                      _____________________
2. What is the function of spicules?                                         _____________________
3. What level of organization do cnidarians have?       
4. What kind of symmetry do cnidarians have?                       
5. Which body type dominates the hydrozoan life cycle?                
6. Which body type dominates the hydrozoan life cycle?                
7. What are the examples of hydrozoans?
8. Which class does jellyfish belong?                                        
9. Which body type dominates the jellyfish life cycle?             
10. Which class is the largest of cnidarians?
11. What are the examples of this largest class of cnidarians?
12. Observe the preserved specimens of corals.   What chemical compound composes the remains of corals?

Compare and contrast Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes. (ESSAY)

1. Outline requirements for correct protein folding

2. What is the relationship between a microbe's ease of transmission and the severity of the symptoms of the disease it causes?

3. How did FIV in big cats lead to the discovery of HIV resistant people?

4. Protection from what disease in the past may protect humans from HIV today?

5. What are the preliminary findings in the study of Bavarian children and allergies?

A newly identified bacterial strain needs melrose as a growth factor. To synthesize melrose these bacteria use three enzymes that are encoded by the genes melA, melB and melC in the mel operon. The expression of these three genes is controlled by a regulatory protein MelR. Melrose binds to MelR, and it changes the ability of MelR to bind to the regulatory region of the mel operon. The mel genes are expressed only in the absence of melrose. The regulator MelR, only in the absence of melrose, can bind at the regulatory region of mel operon. Answer the following questions and provide an explanation for each answer

1. Is the mel operon inducible or repressible?

2. Is the MelR a positive or negative regulator?

3. Predict the expression of the mel operon in the following three melR mutants melR1, melR2 and melR3. Choose an answer as regulated or constitutive or no expression, including an explanation.

i. In a melR1 mutant, MelR has lost the ability to bind to melrose.

ii. In a melR2 mutant, MelR cannot bind to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

iii. In a melR3 mutant, MelR binds to the regulatory region irrespective of the presence or absence of melrose.

Is Masturbation advantage or disadvantage?

How frequently should a man masturbate?

“Babies Know: A Little Dirt is Good for You” By Jane E. Brody, NY Times, January 27, 2009 What is this hypothesis called and what does it say? What immune diseases have increased as sanitation has improved? How are intestinal worms being used to treat disease? What role do T cells play in some autoimmune diseases? If you really want a healthy child, how will you accomplish that (according to this article)? What is the best protection against germs?