1. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a relatively rare X-linked recessive allele. It causes progressive muscular wasting, and usually leads to death before age 20. What is the probability that the first son of a woman (who does not have the disease but whose father is affected) will be affected?

2. Hemophilia in humans is inherited as an X linked recessive trait. A woman whose father is hemophiliac marries a man with normal clotting ability. What is the probability that her first child will have hemophilia? Assume that the woman's mother is homozygous dominant.

3.In the ABO blood system in human beings, alleles A and B are codominant and both are dominant to the O allele.  In a paternity dispute, type AB women claimed that one of four men was the father of her type A child.  What blood types could the father of the child be on the basis of the evidence given?

1. In cats, coat color is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome. Yellow coat color is determined by the b allele and black coat color is determined by the B allele. The heterozygous condition results in a color known as tortoise shell.

a. What phenotypic ratio of offspring would be expected from a cross between a yellow male and a tortoise-shell female?

b. What proportion of the female offspring from a cross between a black female and a yellow male will be tortoise-shell (so, ignore the male offspring)?

2. In a certain species of flower, two autosomal genes, C and R, are both involved in flower color. The dominant C allele confers the ability to produce any color on the petal; cc individuals are white no matter what other genes they express. The dominant R allele produces red petal color; the flowers will be pink if they have two copies of the r allele. For the following cross, what is the phenotypic ratio?

CcRr x Ccrr

Why do hornwort sporophytes differ from those of all other plants?

• A. They have a foot and a basal meristem, so sporogenous tissue is formed continuously

• B. The leaves are short and round, but contain enough conductive tissue to maintain the entire structure

• C. They produce chemicals that are toxic to animals, so can only be spread by wind

• D. They sporophyte is much larger than the gametophyte, which is different than other closely related species

1. A) Why is it important to control illumination for live cells? B) Briefly explain how live cell imaging chambers can be used to control four parameters (name and indicate importance) that contribute to maintaining healthy cells.

Explain the relationship between DNA, genes , proteins and amino acids in 100-300 words

1. You cross a true-breeding parental with yellow flowers and oval petals with a true-breeding parental with purple flowers and round petals. The F1 offspring have purple flowers and oval petals.

a. Give the genotypes for the parentals and F1s (you can choose your own letters for the alleles):

yellow flower oval petal parental: _____

purple flower round petal parental: _____

purple flower oval petal F1: _______

b. You perform a cross of the F1s, to produce the F2 generation. You get the following counts of plants of four different phenotypes. Calculate the expected counts for each phenotype.

Phenotype Observed Expected

Purple flower, oval petals 270
Purple flower, round 109
petals

Yellow flower, oval petals 97
Yellow flower, round 24
petals
Total count 500 500

c. Determine the X2 value.

d. How many degrees of freedom? What is the critical value?                  

e. Do you accept or reject your hypothesis that this is a basic dihybrid cross?

1. What would happen if you tried to look at the E. coli cells under the microscope immediately after the decolorizing step?

12. If white flowers are recessive to purple flowers, if two white-flowered peas mate, what proportion of the offspring would be white-flowered?

A) 0                 B) 1.0               C) 3/16             D) 9/16            E) can’t tell

21. What are the Ediacaran fauna?

A. Rainforest organisms that form a “biodiversity pump”.

B. Fossils of the first living things on the planet, billions of years ago, and very tiny

C. A worldwide assemblage of large, animal-like fossils that appear, and vanish, before the contemporary animal fauna appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion.

D. The first life on land.

E. The ancestors of tetrapods

22. Which of the following organisms is an amniote?

A. A frog
B. A platypus
C. An alligator
D. A slime mold
E. B and C

23. A man is stranded on a desert island with NO VEGETATION. For some reason, an intact crate of corn flakes washes ashore with him, and a crate of 15 live chickens. What should he do to survive the longest?

A. Eat the corn flakes then eat the chickens
B. Eat the chickens then eat the corn flakes
C. Feed the corn flakes to the chickens, and eat the chickens one at a time
D. Feed the corn flakes to the chickens, then harvest the eggs from the chickens

E. It doesn’t matter-all the strategies are equivalent

24. Which of the following statements about the relationship between CO₂ and terrestrial climate, are well-supported by evidence?
A. CO₂ in the atmosphere is one of several gasses that have the capacity to effectively trap heat, raising the equilibrium temperature.

B. Periods of low CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere are linked to cold periods in the history of the Earth.

C. CO₂ is drawn down, removed from the atmosphere and incorporated into the biosphere, by photosynthesis.

D. A and B

E. All of the above

25. In Rosemary and Peter Grant’s study of evolution in Galapagos finches, which of the following were Darwin’s views that were NOT supported by the data?

1. Populations evolve by natural selection
2. Individuals with favorable traits pass them to the offspring
3. Some individuals are better suited to survive and reproduce than others
4. Natural selection is a slow, gradual process
5. Since, as scientists, we believe in Darwinism, even if there were data that contradict Darwin’s ideas, Rosemary and Peter Grant never would have published.

Questions 26-27 refer to the following alternatives:

INTERACTION 1: Early summer flowers such as Trillium spp., are pollinated by a variety of flies, and bees. In exchange for providing pollination services, the insects receive nectar and pollen to eat themselves and to feed their young.

INTERACTION 2: Parrotfish are predators of marine invertebrates, including crustaceans, bivalves, and other reef fauna.

INTERACTION 3: Human eyelashes have at least two different species of eyelash mites. These mites feed off of dead skin cells, and obtain a sheltered habitat from us. They do not affect our ability to survive and reproduce.

INTERACTION 4: Humans all over the world harbor worms that live in their bloodstream and other structures. These worms use their human host as a staging area to release their eggs into the environment, and weaken their host, often shortening his or her lifespan.

INTERACTION 5: The desert tortoise shares a burrow with the sidewinder rattlesnake. The snake, unable to dig a burrow of its own, gets a place to sleep during the day. The tortoise gets a venomous snake to guard its burrow.

26. Which is an example of parasitism? A) Interaction 4   B) Interaction 2     C) Interaction 3     D) Interactions 3 and 4          E) None of the above

27. Which is an example of mutualism? A) Interaction 4   B) Interaction 2     C) Interaction 3     D) Interactions 1 and 5          E) None of the above

28. In terms of global climate, which is the most important reservoir for carbon?

A. The atmosphere

B. The biosphere

C. The oceans

D. The soil

E. None of the above are carbon reservoirs

29. What is a blastula?

A) An early stage in animal embryos
B) A feature of fungal reproduction
C) A hollow ball of cells
D) A and B
E) A and C
ANSWER THEM ALL PLZ NO EXPLAINATION REQUIRED

The allele P for PTC tasting (a bitter substance) is dominant over the allele p for nontasting. If 400 students were tested for this ability and 64 were found to be nontasters,

a) Calculate the number of heterozygotes in that population

b) What is the adaptive advantage of being able to taste bitter substances?

1. This procedure recommends preparing E coli as spheroplasts to expose the alkaline phosphatase. Why is this a preferred strategy than simply completely lysing the bacteria completely?

2. Explain the unit 'Unit' when attempting to express a quantity of enzyme. Relate your definiton to the reaction taking place in the PNPP reaction.

1-2 paragraphs would suffice

Describe the chemical and physical attributes, common uses, cultivation, and plant origin of Avocado Oil.