1) What will happen to the effective population size if we change the sex ratio from 50% to 90% female? Genetic drift will increase because

(A)The effective population size will increase

(B) The effective population size stay the same

(C) The effective population size will decrease

(D) The effective population size is unpredictable

2) Which stochastic factor(s) was resulting in the prairie chicken population in Illinois heading towards extinction before the translocation of more birds from outside the state?

A. Demographic stochasticity.

B. Genetic drift (and likely) inbreeding.

C. Environmental stochasticity

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

3) Which of the following increases the probability that the cartoon prey in a southern population would adapt to the invading predator by evolving longer legs?

A. High heritability of leg length.

B. Large positive selection differential for leg length.

C. Low migration rates between invaded and uninvaded comic prey populations.

D. All of the above.

E. None of the above

1- Write a comparison of the stages of meiosis to the stages of mitosis. Which stages are unique to meiosis and which stages have the same events in both meiosis and mitosis?

2-On a piece of paper construct a Venn diagram to describe the similarities and differences between the cytokinesis mechanisms found in animal cells versus those in plant cells.

3- Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. Describe what would happen to the gamete chromosome number if the nondisjunction happened during Meiosis I. Describe what would happen to the gamete chromosome number if the nondisjunction happened during Meiosis II. Which would be a more serious issue and why?

Part I – Infertility Issues
Jane sat nervously in the examination room. She had no idea what to expect. Her husband, Brian, gave her a

reassuring smile and squeezed her hand. There was a knock on the door and then it opened to admit the physician.

“Hello, Jane. I’m Dr. Klein and I’ll be doing your fertility assessment today.”

“It’s nice to finally meet you Dr. Klein. This is my husband, Brian.” The two men smiled at each other and shook hands.

Dr. Klein sat down on the stool and opened up a thick file. “Jane, I’ve looked over the medical files that you had sent over to our office and I’ve examined the preliminary blood tests you had done at our office last week. I just need to ask you a few questions, and then we’ll do a quick examination to help me try to get to the cause of your fertility issues.”

“Sure, I’ll answer the best I can. Was anything missing from my medical records?” Jane asked, concerned that she had forgotten to send something the doctor would need. “We’ve been trying to get pregnant for two years and nothing has worked. We both want kids so badly, and a friend recommended you, so I hope you can help us.”

Dr. Klein smiled kindly at Jane and Brian. They were young, and there was no obvious explanation in Jane’s file for her infertility. Dr. Klein’s initial notes about Jane’s medical history and recent blood tests included the following:

• 28-year-old Caucasian female.

• Diagnosed at 14 with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).

• Diagnosed with anemia in her early 20s; current hemoglobin levels at 7 gm/dl.

• Active lifestyle until past year; used to exercise daily and run half marathons until recent joint pain hindered her.

• Broken wrist last year after a minor fall.

• No history or abnormal pelvic exams or PAP smears.

• Hormone levels (estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH) in normal ranges.

• Patient reports her menstrual cycles are not very regular.

• Positive for several classes of autoantibodies.

  Looking up from his notes, Dr. Klein asked, “Jane, have you been able to control your IBS symptoms? Do you still have bouts of diarrhea or constipation despite a healthy diet?”

  “I’ve never really been able to control the symptoms as much as I’d like,” Jane said. “It’s something I’ve just learned
  to live with. I’ve tried all sorts of different diets and nothing seems to help. I felt a little better on the new low carbohydrate diet that people have been talking about, but it was really hard to stick to.” She looked questioningly at her husband, silently wondering what her stomach problems could have to do with her fertility issues.

“When Good Antibodies Go Bad” by Cozine and Gripka Page 1

“One of the things we test your blood for are the presence of autoantibodies. Recent studies indicate that women with infertility problems may have higher levels of autoantibodies in their blood. Your test results show that you are positive for several autoantibodies at levels higher than we would expect in a healthy female.” Dr. Klein could see the obvious confusion on Jane and Brian’s faces. “Do either of you know what antibodies or autoantibodies are?”

Questions

1. Pretend you are Dr. Klein and first explain what an antibody is to Jane and Brian.

2. Relate the basic definition of an antibody to explain an autoantibody in terms Jane and Brian will be able to understand.

3. What are three examples of autoantibodies that can be detected and the diseases they are associated with?

4. Given her digestive problems and the presence of autoantibodies (indicating that her condition is autoimmune), what are some possible diseases (besides IBS) that Jane might have?

Both Glucose and Fatty Acids can be completely oxidized to CO2, with the energy release used for the synthesis of ATP. In what ways are the biochemical processes involved similar or identical, and how do they diverge?

Explain how a dihybrid test cross can be used to determine if the autosomal linkage exists

1. What is the fitness (W) value?
   1. It determines how well an organism reproduces
   2. It determines how well an organism makes gametes of a particular genotype
   3. It indicates how strong an organism is
   4. All of the above

In a population of Austrians, the frequency of alleles determining the ABO blood type groups were estimated to be:

            I^A = 0.20

I^B = 0.15

I^O = 0.65

1. What is the expected genotypic frequency for AO?
   1. .26
   2. .85
   3. .13
   4. .50
2. If the fitness value (W) of I^OI^O was 1.0 and for all other genotypes W = 0.85, what would happen in future generations?
   1. The frequency of I^O would increase
   2. The frequency of I^O would decrease
   3. The frequency of I^A and I^B would increase
   4. None of the above

Select one form of SPECIATION and share your rendition of this process of speciation. You can upload a drawing you have made or you can list the steps that occur. Once again mutation which provides variation is at the heart of the process. Mutation is the engine that runs evolutionary change. IF VARIATION IS NOT PRESENT IN THE ORIGINAL POPULATION THERE IS NO VARIETY AVAILABLE TO ADAPT TO THE NEW ENVIRONMENT AFTER THE CHANGE IN THE HABITAT OCCURS . IF YOU SAY THAT THE CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT MAKES A MUTATION HAPPEN YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE CREDIT - BECAUSE THIS IS NOT CORRECT. MUTATIONS OCCUR RANDOMLY - NOT ON DEMAND

Make sure you account for this in your rendition.

By this I mean, you must show that a mutation has randomly occurred in the species prior to any other steps occurring. Once again showing the steps in the process is what is important here.

Draw or list each step in an example of speciation.

Allopatric speciation is just a fancy name for speciation by geographic isolation,

Peripatric speciation is a special version of the allopatric speciation model and happens when one of the isolated populations has very few individuals.

Sympatric speciation does not require large-scale geographic distance to reduce gene flow between parts of a population. Merely exploiting a new niche may automatically reduce gene flow with individuals exploiting the other niche.

In parapatric speciation, Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different part of the population’s range.

1. Who is Jared Diamond and what are his arguments?

2. How does he support his arguments? What evidence does he utilize/provide to substantiate his claims?

3. In terms of the three segments, how does he relate these factors (guns, germs, steel), to the modern era? 4. Are there any conclusions we can draw from his work that relates to the current pandemic? Please explain.

Explain how one could use the CRISPR system to generate a GFP C-terminal fusion to a protein (i.e. GFP should lie downstream of the sequences for your protein of interest.) Sketch a diagram to help explain your set-up, and be sure to upload an image of your drawing with your assignment. Explain your set-up clearly in writing.

What part of the inverted microscope is different than on a brightfield microscope?

a. The stage and the specimen

b. The light path

c. The coarse adjustment knob

d. The stage

e. The fine adjustment knob

f. All of these

What evidence is there that mutations in Sonic hedgehog can in fact cause holoprosencephaly? Is it convincing?