7-what mechanism enable chronic viral infections to exert a carcinogenic influence on a tissue

How can population size affect additive genetic variance in a population?

In the drawings below note and label all important elements (incl. consensus sequences) discussed in lectures and tutorial manual and listed below.

a) Prokaryotic operon: promoter (-10 and -35 elements), operator, multiple structural genes (for example 3), start site of transcription, start sites of translations, transcription termination sequence

b) Prokaryotic mRNA (polycistronic): transcription start site, multiple ribosome binding sites (i.e. Shine-Dalgarno sequence in E. coli), multiple ORFs (including start and stop codons), transcription termination sequence

c)Eukaryotic gene: promoter (TATA box), consensus sequence CAAT, enhancer, transcription start site, exons, introns, translation start site (i.e. start codon), stop codon, polyadenylation sequence

d) Eukaryotic mRNA: transcription start site, ORF (incl. start and stop codon), polyadenylation sequence, poly A tail, 5’ methyl cap, 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions. (0.25 marks for each label; up to 7 marks)

In genetics when using gel electrophoresis there are many decisions. If you want to separate fragments that are very close in size you should use a higher percentage of agarose. The power supply has two settings for voltage, 120V or 160V. It also has a timer that has 2 settings 15 minutes and 90 minutes. If you would be running whole genomic DNA samples you recently extracted and the fragments would be about 30 kb in size. If  performed a number of PCR reactions that should produce fragments of 450 bp. You generally would not run the genomic DNA and the PCR products on the same gel due to the difference in their sizes.

- What settings would you use for genomic DNA gel vs the gel with the PCR fragments?

- Which gel the genomic or PCR products would you add ethidium bromide to and which gel would you stain in an ethidium bromide bath? Explain why.

1. We talked about the production of ferritin as an example of translational regulation. Explain what would happen if a cell had a nonfunctional IRP gene. Be specific in your answer, with an explanation of what IRP normally does and how the loss of IRP would affect the production of ferritin.

2. The pathway of glycogen breakdown provides several examples of mechanisms to regulate protein function. Describe each of these, with specific reference to the components of the pathway and the mechanisms of regulation demonstrated.

3. While practicing social distancing, it’s good to still go outside for a walk, bike ride, or observing nature. While going on a walk and making sure there is always at least 6 ft between you and others, you discover a new tree. In fact, you discover a whole forest of this tree that grows ICE CREAM. Some trees grow pistachio ice cream, and others grow chocolate peanut butter ice cream (to clarify, I mean chocolate ice cream with peanut butter in it… clearly superior to any vanilla with Reese’s mixed in). Some grow giant scoops of ice cream, and others grow small scoops of ice cream. You can’t wait to capitalize on your discovery and start a farm of ice cream trees. But first, you want to figure out how the alleles for the ice cream flavor gene and the scoop size gene are inherited so that you can try to grow large scoops of both flavors of ice cream. You figure out, by performing many crosses, that the chocolate peanut butter allele is dominant and the pistachio allele is recessive. You also find that the large scoop allele is dominant and the small scoop allele is recessive. Now you want to figure out if the flavor gene and the scoop size gene are autosomally linked, or autosomally not-linked. You decide to cross a tree that is homozygous dominant for both flavor and scoop size to a pistachio tree with small scoops. Use F/f for flavor and S/s for scoop size.

a. What are the genotypes of the two trees in the parental generation? (2 points)

b. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal linked.

c. Draw a Punnett square to indicate what the F2 generation would be if the genes are autosomal not linked.

d. Your F1 trees produce 100 offspring. 75 of them are chocolate peanut butter trees with large scoops of ice cream. 25 of them are pistachio trees with small scoops. What mode of inheritance do you think is controlling flavor and scoop size, and why? (1 point for correct mode of inheritance, 1 point for explanation).

1. Compare the mouse estrus cycle to that of the human. Specifically, discuss hormones involved and patterns of cell morphology.
2. Discuss the brains role in the estrus cycle.

List the adult reference range for the following tests:   use your book and don’t forget labtestsonline.org as a resource

Reticulocyte %

Serum Iron

Serum ferritin

            Male

            Female

TIBC

Transferrin saturation %

Complete the following chart for the differential diagnosis of Microcytic/Hypochromic Anemias

Explain ferritin levels replace the necessity of performing bone marrow aspirations on cases of suspected iron deficiency anemia.

Explain how hemoglobin electrophoresis is performed.  (page 124)

Explain the results seen in hemoglobin electrophoresis on Thalassemia patients.

1. You are tasked to determine if a specific brand of apple juice has microbial spoilage. What sensory characteristics and/or observation could you use in your determination?

2. Discuss three methods that are commonly used to preserve food.

3. How does determining the thermal resistance of a spoilage organism aid in characterization of a failure in food quality (i.e. why a product spoiled)?

Writing at least 2 complete paragraphs, compare the similarities and differences of the Western and Eastern traditional African cuisines.

The topic is how cancer works?

In general, explain why TKIs are typically given orally whereas monoclonal antibodies are typically given via IV. Which one would you rather take, in your perspective?

TKIs: "Any drug used to treat cancer (including tyrosine kinase inhibitors or TKIs)" TKIs come as pills, taken orally.

IV: Intravenous chemotherapy (IV chemo)

1. explain the connection between ocean acidification and climate change.

2. What positive or negative feedback loops can be found within these systems?

9. (7) What are some similarities and differences between the signal transduction systems of the regulation of chemotaxis and quorum sensing? Your explanation should include a discussion of the functions of the components of each system (e.g. What is the sensor? What is the kinase? What is the response protein and what does it do?).

10. (7) Compare fermentation and respiration: in which process would you have to consume more glucose to get equivalent amounts of ATP? What waste products are produced? How do these waste products affect the overall growth of the bacterium?

11. (6) One result of catabolite repression is diauxic growth of a culture. Briefly explain this phenomenon in relation to global control systems and explain how catabolite repression benefits cells that use it.