10. What factors contribute to a SNP/allelic marker having a higher level of significance in an association study? (4 pts)

11A. What is linkage disequilibrium (LD)? Give a concise definition. (3 pts)

11B. What does it mean for casual alleles to be in “perfect LD” with one of the SNPs being genotyped? (3 pts)

Are the following interchangeable?

glycolipid vs glycerolipid

sphingoglycolipid vs glycosphingolipid

sphingophospholipid vs phosphosphingolipid

triacylglycerol vs triglyceride vs triacylglyceride vs triglycerol

Are the terms the same?

During the elongation stage of DNA replication, does DNA polymerase III ever
leave the lagging strand? Why or why not?

Your major research project as a graduate student involves analyzing a collection of mutants isolated by your lab all of which have defects in some aspect of the secretory pathway. For each of the mutants below, suggest where in the pathway the mutation might occur. If possible suggest a candidate gene that might be affected in that particular line.

1. Cells grow normally but produce no extracellular matrix

2. Cells grow normally and produce extracellular matrix but have reduced cells do not grow on the matrix

3. Cells do not secrete any protein but they do accumulate hundreds of vesicles

4. Cells do not secrete protein, of accumulate vesicles but have whorls of endoplasmic reticulum

5. Cells do not secrete protein and the ER looks fairly normal but there’s a curious lack of Rough ER

1. The ste2 mutation is a defect in the:

2. Tight junctions ______________________.

3. A neuron and a white blood cell have very different functions. These differences are possible because: ______. (read carefully)

Cell Cycle:  Events

Name the cell cycle stage in which each event takes place.  Each answer choice is used once and only once.

compare and contrast the bacteriophage replication cycle and the animal virus replication cyle. name 3 differences and what they have in common.

What are some reasons a bacteriophage plaque assay might not be successful?

there are 3 different ways bacteria can develop multi drug antibiotic resistance. explain how each method works.

Name and describe the 5 morphological traits that almost all primates have with human beings

Name and describe the 3 main behavioral traits that almost all primates have with humans

Suggest 3 specific and distinct cellular/molecular process that an anti inflammatory drug could taeget in order to reduce tissue swelling due to inflammation. brefly explain why each should be effective

3 marks.

True or False and why?

1. Bacteria living in a volatile (heterogenous) environment would likely have more control element for gene expression than an endosymbiont.
2. Bacterial gene regulation at the enzyme results in a quicker response compared to regulation of transcription.
3. Mutations in the bacterial genome are typically lethal in part because bacteria are diploid.

PROTOZOAN GENUS NAMES TO MATCH TO THE CASE STUDY: Giardia Toxoplasma Trichomonas Trypanosoma Plasmodium

Case 1: Two of four campers on a 2-week trip to the mountains of Utah developed diarrhea near the end of their trip. At first, the diarrhea was very watery and foul-smelling. Then it began to alternate with soft stools that looked greasy. The diarrhea was accompanied with abdominal cramps, nausea, flatulence and fatigue. The symptoms persisted in both campers once they returned home, and they sought medical care. A fecal sample was taken and stained. Although none of the multi-nucleated trophozoites were detected, the samples revealed the presence of egg-shaped cysts about 12 micrometers in length, having 4 nuclei and a median body. When questioned, the campers stated that near the end of their trip, they drank water from a nearby stream, but only after adding Aquatab Purification Tablets to the water. However, they stated that they had submerged their Ramblers (thermos) into the stream to collect the water before they added the tablets. Both patients were prescribed Metronidazole (Flagyl) and their symptoms slowly alleviated. Question 1: What is the Name of Causative Agent, based on the description given in the case? Question 2: How they got infected by this protozoan?

Case study 2: An 18-year-old female presented to her physician with complaints of a yellow-green vaginal discharge with a bad “fishy” odor. A pelvic investigation was performed and mild cervical tenderness was observed. The cervix was pink and inflamed with small punctiform spots. A wet prep was made, it revealed squamous cells along with a moving, oval organism. When a stained microscopic preparation was made, a multi-flagellated trophozoite about 15 micrometers in length was noted. The patient was prescribed Metronidazole (Flagyl) and told to contact any sexual partners so that they could begin a prescription of Flagyl, too. Question 1: What is the caustive agent of this case, based on the characteristics of the protozoan? Question 2: Why her patner should also take Flagyl?

Hi, there are two parts to the question and it is bolded

You are in charge of the national Unicorn breeding program. Unicorns can have either swirled or solid horns with the swirled (Sw) phenotype being dominant over solid (sw). Their fur can be gold (F+), bronze (fb), silver (fs) or white (fw), with the colour alleles following a dominance series of: F+ > fb > fs > fw

Which pair could you mate to potentially get some offspring with silver fur and swirled horns?

Select one:

a. A bronze and swirled horned unicorn with a white and solid horned unicorn

b. A true breeding gold and swirled horned unicorn with a true breeding white and solid horned unicorn

c. A silver and solid horned unicorn with a silver and solid horned unicorn

You mate a silver fur, solid horned unicorn, whose mother had white fur and a swirled horn, with a white fur, solid horned unicorn whose mother had gold fur and a solid horn. What is the probability that the offspring will have white fur (with any type of horn)?

Select one:

a. 1/3

b. 1/4

c. 1/16

d. 1/2