1. A signaling molecule . . (choose the best answer)

A. Will produce the exact same effect on all cell types it interacts with

B. Could be a hormone or neurotransmitter

C. Will not elicit changes in gene expression

D. Is never water soluble

E. Must travel through the bloodstream to its target cell

2. Insulin . . (choose all that apply)

A. Is antagonistic to Glucagon

B. Is produced by the pancreatic beta cells

C. Triggers storage of glycogen in the liver

D. Promotes release of glucose from the pancreas

E. Is a hormone

3. The posterior pituitary and anterior pituitary are different in which of the following ways? (choose all that apply)

A. The posterior pituitary makes its own hormones

B. The anterior pituitary makes its own hormones

C. The anterior pituitary makes TSH to stimulate the Thyroid

D. The posterior pituitary gland does not affect mammary glands

4. The hypothalamus . . (choose all that apply)

A. Is a nerve center

B. Releases neurohormones

C. Affects the pituitary gland to release hormones

D. Is an example of how the 2 control and communicate mechanisms often work together

5. The action potential of a neuron . . (choose all that apply)

A. Can travel either way through the axon

B. Is caused by an influx of Na ions

C. Is a massive change in voltage on the membrane

D. Can be slowed by myelin insulation

1.A scientist is studying a human disorder that may be attributable to a mutation in the mitochondrial DNA. Based on what evidence the scientist believes this

A. Specific genetic mutation is observed
B. A rare parasitic disease is associated with his disorder

C. Maternal rather than Mendelian inheritance pattern is observed

D. The ATP production is affected

2.Eukaryotic and bacterial DNA replication share many features, but eukaryotic DNA replication is more complex. What features of eukaryotic DNA replication are not shared with bacteria?

A.Linear chromosomes

B. All answers are correct

C. DNA complexed with nucleosomes

D. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple ORIs

3. Bacterial transformation involves DNA transfer to a recipient cell

A.By sexual reproduction

B.As naked DNA in solution

C.By cell-to-cell contact

D.By a bacteriophage

4. Mutations in the mitochondrial DNA can cause human disorders. What future approach involving nuclear transplantation might be available to treat mtDNA-based human disorders?

A.Mitochondrial swapping

B.Nuclear disintegration

C.Mitochondrial suppression

D.Nuclear Activation

5. During DNA replication

A. The two DNA strands separate, each strand then becomes a template for the assembly of a similar strand. Each new DNA helix has one old strand with one new strand.

B. The two DNA strands separate, each strand then becomes a template for the assembly of a similar strand. Each new DNA helix has two new strands.

C. The two DNA strands separate, each strand then becomes a template for the assembly of a complementary strand. Each new DNA helix has one old strand with one new strand.

D. The two DNA strands separate, each strand then becomes a template for the assembly of an identical strand. Each new DNA helix has one old strand with one new strand.

6. What is the function of RNA primase in DNA replication?

A.Provides a DNA primer
B. synthesizes RNA primer that provides a free 5′-OH upon which DNA polymerization depends

C. provides a free 3′-OH upon which DNA polymerization depends

D.

Please describe stutter. How does it happen (mechanism)? How can it affect DNA interpretation

b) A laboratory professional is reviewing a peripheral blood smear of a 10-year-old patient and notes that 35% blasts are present. Which of the following diagnoses is likely based on these findings?

c) A 45-year-old female was evaluated by her physician because she had unexplained bruising on her upper torso. Patient history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a palpable liver and spleen. CBC results revealed: WBC count: 12 × 109/L Hb: 8.7 g/dL Hct: 25% Normal indices PLT count: 5 109/L Differential: 80% blasts and 15% promyelocytes present Bone marrow findings: hypercellular marrow with 47% myeloblasts present. Nucleated erythroblasts: 22%; promyelocytes: 28%; megakaryopoiesis appears normal. Cytogenetic analysis: t(15, 17) present.What is the most likely diagnosis?

d) According to the WHO classification, when differentiating myelodysplastic syndromes and acute leukemia, acute leukemia's:

e) A patient presents with bleeding and is found to be in DIC. The peripheral smear contains hypergranular promyelocytes. The white count is slightly elevated. The bone marrow contains cells with multiple Auer rods with a clear blue cytoplasm. What is the probable type of AML?

Clear explanation and legible handwriting

How is the life of a sessile biofilm cell different than the same cell when it is planktonic - relative to nutrients, attachment, resistance to antimicrobial conditions, both physical and chemical?

1. Explain why Phenol Red Lactose broth tubes are used for Water Quality testing.

2. A. What does it mean if a water quality analysis returns a positive result for the presence of E. coli? B. What is the meaning of the term indicator organism?

5. Early Monday morning you collect a water sample from a local beach. You set up an MPN test with the water sample, using one tube for each dilution. After the correct incubation time, you examine the tubes and discover positive results in the 1 ml tube, but the 10 ml and 0.1 ml tubes are negative.

A. Should the beach be opened? Explain your answer.

B. What could have caused the results you obtained? Be specific.

define circadian rhythm in  plants and explain what happens when an organism is artificially maintained in a constant environment

Use the pressure-flow model to explain what is likely to happen to water, pressure and solute potential in the following scenarios and how that is likely to affect sugar transport in the phloem:

a. Potatoes rapidly growing and accumulating starch.

b. An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in the sucrose-H+ transporter SUC2.

c. A plant watered with salty water accumulating higher than normal levels of Na+ and Cl- ions in the root xylem.

d. A plant in which all emerging fruit are removed.

e. Potential adaptation(s) in Sea Asparagus (Salicornia virginica) growing on BC ocean beaches to get sugar to move from photosynthetic leaves to non-photo-synthetic leaves. These plants transport Na and Cl ions in the xylem and secrete it from leaves.

What is a heterozygous B-thalassemia?

Question 10 (Mandatory) (1 point)

A serum ferritin level on a patient with a slight microcytic anemia due to a chronic disease will typically be ___________________.

Question 10 options:

Question 11 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Another name for a siderotic, or iron, granule is a ________________________.

Question 11 options:

Question 12 (Mandatory) (1 point)

The test which evaluates the binding ability of transferrin is the _____________________ test.

Question 12 options:

Question 13 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Most of the iron stored in the body is stored as __________________.

Question 13 options:

Question 14 (Mandatory) (1 point)

The ferritin level in Sideroblastic anemia would be __________________.

Question 14 options:

Question 15 (Mandatory) (1 point)

Which of the following would be seen in Sideroblastic Anemia?

Question 15 options:

Use logical operators in descriptions of rules and relationships in a problem situation.

Is this a good answer? Would you add anything to this answer? Thank you.

5) Gamma-delta T cells are Weird. (Yes, that capitalization is intentional.) Although they undergo V(D)J recombination to produce their γδ chains, they have a limited repertoire of gene segments to use, and apparently only certain combinations are stable (for example Vγ9/Vδ2), further limiting what antigens they can see. Additionally, they do not require seeing MHC molecules with peptides to function, suggesting they do not always see protein-based antigens. Weirder yet, some γδ T cell subsets have the ability to phagocytose antigen and themselves function as antigen-presenting cells. Some scientists argue that these features suggest that γδ T cells are an evolutionary ‘left-over’, a bridging cell type between ancient innate immune cell types and the more recently developed adaptive cell types.  

Identify two other pieces of evidence from the text or literature and explain why they do or don’t support the idea that γδ T cells are “missing links” of the immune system.

(8 points, 4 per explanation)

Answer:

Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells with a specialized T-cell receptor (TCR) on their outer covering or surface. Comparisons between the δ and γ V, D and J gene portions within the primate species have shown a fascinating order of how these loci have evolved (Holtmeier & Kabelitz, 2005). The gene segments of the δ locus have not changed considerably in the primate ancestry from humans to marmosets; the gene directive, overall, is well-looked-after and most of the genes remain purposeful with few duplications or deletions.

Evolutionary perspectives of the Gamma delta T cells:

Gamma delta T cells are an enigma of the immune system. Their triggers are not really understood. An attempt to explain their role as the cells that bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity doesn’t really justify their niche in the immune system, rather it focuses on their complex behavior. Therefore, hypotheses can be derived from the inferences that are made as a bid to explain their fundamental behaviors, as follows:

First Hypothesis:

The gamma delta T cells are placed at the borderline between the innate immune response that is quick in its action against any agents whether it be pathogens or micro-organisms, coming from outside, and the adaptive immune response which is extremely specific in its action and uses the B and T cells to tailor an immune response for the body, against the incoming foreign agents. This is basically because of the uniqueness of the gamma delta t cells which bear TCRs, that are mostly invariant in nature. A good example in this regard would be the Natural Killer T cells that bear the CD1d-restricted sites (Holtmeier and Kabelitz, 2005). This hypothesis says that gamma delta t cells are indeed, the missing links between the two evolutionary types of immunity.

Second Hypothesis

The second hypothesis is a reinforcement of the fact that gamma delta T cells really are the missing links between the evolutionary steps of immunity. Some evidence has surfaced in the recent findings that confirm recent work has shown that Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells in human are also proficient enough to carry out complex processes such as the phagocytosis, a function previously found to occur only in innate myeloid lineage cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (Holtmeier and Kabelitz, 2005). This makes the fact very credible that these cells are actually the link between the two types after all.

Imagine that humans will someday evolve to have brains that are more resilient to Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) than those we have today. What anatomically and/or cellular changes might need to occur in the human brain for it to confer this resilience?

Compare and contrast the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of Myoglobin(Mb) and Hemoglobin(Hb). You can create a Venn diagram or do columns listing the similarities and differences.  BE SPECIFIC