Chromosome Chromosome

            Locus Number Locus   Number                     

Table 1.

1. If you haven’t already done so, calculate the RMP for each of Jane’s loci using the provided allelic frequency information in Table 1 above.  Please show your work.

2. What are the chances of two people sharing Jane’s TPOX and TH01 alleles?  Please show your work. (You may use exponents and round off your answer to two decimal places, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

3. What are the chances of someone sharing Jane’s TPOX and TH01 and FGA alleles?  Please show your work. (You may use exponents and round off your answer to two decimal places, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

4. Now calculate the total RMP (random match probability) that Jane’s DNA profile above matches the crime scene DNA purely by coincidence? Please show your work. (You may round off your answer to two decimal places and use exponents, eg: 1.21 x 10^-7)

Write 3 paragraphs for reflection and should be do the following:

1. In first paragraph, Summarize the article (attached below).
2. In second paragraph, Connect the article with one of those "The Fossil Record of Human Biological Evolution", "Habitual Bipedalism" or "Fossil Skeleton". Be specific about the connections you make.
3. In third paragraph, Include your own reflection on what you’ve read/learned. What do you think about it?

Article Here: "Evidence Indicates Humans' Early Tree-dwelling Ancestors Were Also Bipedal"

Experiments by a UA anthropologist and his colleagues show that fossil footprints made 3.6 million years ago are the earliest direct evidence of early hominins using the kind of efficient, upright posture and gait now seen in modern humans. More than three million years ago, the ancestors of modern humans were still spending a considerable amount of their lives in trees, but something new was happening. David Raichlen, an assistant professor in the University of Arizona School of Anthropology, and his colleagues at the University at Albany and City University of New York's Lehman College have developed new experimental evidence indicating that these early hominins were walking with a human-like striding gait as long as 3.6 million years ago. The results of their research appears in Monday's edition of PLoS ONE, a journal from the Public Library of Science. A trackway of fossil footprints preserved in volcanic ash deposited 3.6 million years ago was uncovered in Laetoli, Tanzania, more than 30 years ago. The significance of those prints for human evolution has been debated ever since. The most likely individuals to have produced these footprints, which show clear evidence of bipedalism, or walking on two legs, would have been members of the only bipedal species alive in the area at that time, Australopithecus afarensis. That species includes "Lucy," whose skeletal remains are the most complete of any individual A. afarensis found to date. A number of features in the hips, legs and back of this group indicate that they would have walked on two legs while on the ground. But the curved fingers and toes as well as an upward-oriented shoulder blade provide solid evidence that Lucy and other members of her species also would have spent significant time climbing in trees. This morphology differs distinctly from our own genus, Homo, who abandoned arboreal life around 2 million years ago and irrevocably committed to human-like bipedalism. Since the Laetoli tracks were discovered, scientists have debated whether they indicate a modern human-like mode of striding bipedalism, or a less-efficient type of crouched bipedalism more characteristic of chimpanzees whose knees and hips are bent when walking on two legs. To resolve this, Raichlen and his colleagues devised the first biomechanical experiment explicitly designed to address this question. The team built a sand trackway in Raichlen's motion capture lab at the UA and filmed human subjects walking across the sand. The subjects walked both with normal, erect human gaits and then with crouched, chimpanzee-like gaits. Three-dimensional models of the footprints were collected by biological anthropologist Adam Gordon using equipment brought from his Primate Evolutionary Morphology Laboratory at the University at Albany. The researchers examined the relative depth of footprints at the heel and toe, and found that depths are about equal when made by a person walking with an erect gait. In contrast, the toe print is much deeper than the heel print when produced by a crouched gait, a product of the timing of weight transfer over the length of the foot. "Based on previous analyses of the skeletons of Australopithecus afarensis, we expected that the Laetoli footprints would resemble those of someone walking with a bent knee, bent hip gait typical of chimpanzees, and not the striding gait normally used by modern humans," Raichlen said. "But to our surprise, the Laetoli footprints fall completely within the range of normal human footprints." The fossil footprints at Laetoli preserve a remarkably even depth at the toe and heel, just like those of modern humans. "This more human-like form of walking is incredibly energetically efficient, suggesting that reduced energy costs were very important in the evolution of bipedalism prior to the origins of our own genus, Homo," Raichlen said. If the Laetoli footprints were made by Lucy's species, as most scientists agree to be the case, these experimental results have interesting implications for the timing of evolutionary events. "What is fascinating about this study is that it suggests that, at a time when our ancestors had an anatomy well-suited to spending a significant amount of time in the trees, they had already developed a highly efficient, modern human-like mode of bipedalism," said Gordon. "The fossil record indicates that our ancestors did not make a full-time commitment to leaving the trees and walking on the ground until well over a million years after these (Laetoli) prints were made. The fact that partially tree-dwelling animals, like Lucy, had such a remarkably modern gait is a testament to the importance of energetic efficiency in moving around on two legs," Gordon said. "Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-like Bipedal Biomechanics" will be published in PLoS ONE on Monday, March 22 and can be accessed online.

proteins are directed to the appropriate organelles and how they are imported across the organellar membrane

1. What is the importance of the TATA box and transcription factors

2.What is the importance of initiation complex

3.why should tRNA be charged with N-formylmethionine or methionine, what would happen if the tRNA was not charged?

1. Morphospecies Concept Clade Synapomorphy Allopatry Phylogeny Nodes Sister Group's Microbiome Pathogens Koch's Postulates Enrichment Culture Metagenomics Endosymbiosis Phagocytosis    Pseudopodia

   A. Used to catalog all the genes present in a mixed community of prokaryotes B. used in modified form to confirm a causative link between new diseases and a suspected infectious agent C. represent hypothetcal common ancestors before splitting events D. a trait that is found in certain groups of organisms and their common ancestor but is missing in more distant ancestors E. The branching evolutionary history of species or other groups of organisms F. a community of microbes that naturally inhibits a particular area and encompasses all the genetic material contained within it G. A flexible membrane and dynamic cytoskeleton give species the ability to surround and swallow prey using these long finger-like projections H. Two  descendants that split from the same node and are therefore are each other's closest relative I. Based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions - temperature, lighting, substrate, types of available food, and so on J. Researchers identify evolutionarily independent lineages by differences in size, shape, or other morphological features K. when an individual takes in packets of food much larger than individual molecules L. Consists of an ancestral population, all of its descendants, and only those descendants. M. Bacteria that cause disease N. Populations that are geographically separated O. Occurs when an organism of one species lives inside the cells of an organism of another species

Essay500 words about killer Snake venom

2.) Discuss in detail why masks are relatively ineffective as a means of preventing infection by coronavirus, especially in regards to cloth masks; also discuss when, where and who masks appropriate and recommended for.

3.) What Percentage of alcohol, bleach, and Hydrogen peroxide are effective at eliminating Coronavirus 19.

4.) Despite having a similar profile to SARS, Covid-19 is already more widespread with much larger morbidity and mortality totals. What factors do you think accounted for the disparity of these 2 outbreaks

5.) MERS is also a coronavirus; however, it is classified as an endemic (localized) illness and has never caused an outbreak. Why is this?

Explain and demonstrate how a dihybrid test cross can be used to determine if autosomal linkage exists.

for paper whitening process:

1. Outline the biochemical pathway that occurs in the industrial paper whitening process
2. Which enzymes participate in the selected industrial process
3. Classify enzymes according to their activity
4. Establish optimal pH and temperature conditions for the functioning of these enzymes
5. Consult factors that inhibit the activity of the enzymes that participate in the selected industrial process

Sexual dimorphism occurs when males are distinctly different from females in traits other than reproductive organs. In many species, there is no dimorphism and males resemble females in most traits. If the two sexes appear phenotypically identical, in a short essay (100-150 words), explain what you might conclude (at least tentatively) about their reproductive behaviors.

Description of biochemical tests for gram positive cocci chart

micrococcus luteus

micrococcus roseus

staphlyococcus aureus

staphlyococcus epidermidis

streptococcus faecalis

streptococcus thermophilus

streptococcus pneumoniae

1. Explain three important embryonic components that result from gastrulation, including why they are important in bilaterian animals.

2. Describe the basic difference between protostomes and deuterostomes. In which group would humans belong? In which group would you expect to see identical twins, and why?

3.Explain why the notochord is especially important during the embryonic development of chordates.

4.Molecular evidence suggests that hagfish and lamprey should form sister taxa. Explain why many phylogenies suggest that lamprey branched off after hagfish, and would thus be more closely related to jawed vertebrates.

5.Explain why it may have been important for hagfish to have lost their backbone.

6.Explain why the life cycle of lamprey is said to be anadromous. In which part of their life cycle are they parasites?