Compare and contrast myoglobin and hemoglobin, indicating at least four similarities and four differences.

Please show all work and explain your responses.

In the US, consanguineous relationships bear a significant stigma. This is because the children of consanguineous matings typically have a higher than normal level of autosomal recessive diseases, including some very rare disorders. Why would this be the case if the parents are both healthy individuals?

1.One of the concerns about genetic modification of agricultural plants is the possibility of cross-breeding between herbicide-resistant GMOs and weeds, creating “superweeds” that would be resistant to commonly used herbicides. EXPLAIN how PCR could be used to determine whether such cross-breeding had occurred.

Treatment Centers/Medical Research for Asthma (5 pts)

• Who/What/Where of areas/places that are doing research for this particular disease. What are some of the medical research facilities currently doing research on this disease AND/OR what are some treatment centers for the disease/disorder.

Research in cell biology and metabolism has progressed due to the discovery of molecules that artificially stimulate or inhibit glucagon/epinephrine and insulin signaling pathways. Let’s say you are working in a lab cataloging the effects of a library of small molecules on these pathways and have a “hit” on molecule 1stAVNGR. Preliminary data on molecule 1stAVNGR indicates that the cardiac isoform of PFK2/FBPase2 is doubly phosphorylated when this molecule is present at micromolar concentrations in cell cultures. Given this context answer the following questions.

a. Under these conditions what is the predicted degree of association between the regulatory subunits and the catalytic subunits of PKA?

b. Further investigation of molecule 1stAVNGR indicates elevated levels of cAMP within the cell despite the absence of epinephrine or glucagon. Hypothesize two possible explanations for this data.

c. When cell cultures are given both molecule 1stAVNGR and molecule RedSKLL (a G-protein inhibitor) cAMP levels remain high (again despite the absence of epinephrine or glucagon). Given this new information hypothesize a possible explanation for the data.

d. In consideration of the data presented in this problem what would be the expected effect of molecule 1stAVNGR on glycolytic flux in a culture of cardiac myocytes? Explain your reasoning?

e. Finally, if molecule 1stAVNGR were infused into a culture of hepatocytes what would be the expected effect on glycolytic flux in these cells? Explain your reasoning.

In a detailed paragraph, starting with normal and cancer intact cells as well as the preparation of the DNA microarray chip, explain in detail how the typical DNA microarray experiment will be performed in order to identify differentially expressed genes. What are the types of probes that can be used for this experiment, and how are they different? Explain how the data will be interpreted.

The forward mutation rate from allele Z^A to allele Z^B is 0.00001 and the reverse mutation rate is 0.0000001.

Which of the following may be true for a population in which the frequency of allele Z^B is 67%?

Select one:

(i) Mutation equilibrium between Z^A and Z^B has not been reached

(ii) The frequency of Z^A is higher than expected at mutation equilibrium

(iii) The frequency of Z^B is higher than expected at mutation equilibrium

Both (i) and (iii)

Both (i) and (ii)

Microorganisms called psychrophiles will grow only at low temperatures (at or near 0°C). This restriction on a microbes growth would most directly impact

a. inoculation

b incubation

c isolation

d inspection

e inspection

f information gathering

g identification

Mr X has been diagnosed with Atherosclerosis. His mother also had this disease.

Comment about one Controllable and one Uncontrollable risk factors responsible for his condition.

Suggest a diet and Exercise Plan for him

Controllable Factor

Uncontrollable Factor

Plan

b) Mrs. Y has been diagnosed with High Blood Pressure. He is a south Asian male and does not have time to cook at home. Comment about one Controllable and one Uncontrollable risk factors responsible for his condition. Suggest a diet and Exercise Plan for him.

Controllable Factor

Uncontrollable Factor

Plan

C) Mr. Z has a highly demanding job. His success was running high until he was diagnosed with Atherosclerosis last March. Comment about one Controllable and one Uncontrollable risk factors responsible for his condition. Suggest a diet and Exercise Plan for him.

Controllable Factor

Uncontrollable Factor

Plan

Using the principles of second generation sequencing technology we learned in class, describe in a step by step fashion how targeted sequencing of DNA and RNA were performed in this study? Write your response in paragraph form.

In general, be able to explain in a step by step fashion the workflows involved in carrying out sequencing with each of the different sequencing platforms utilized in these studies. Know what each step accomplishes. Write your response in paragraph form.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each kind of platform (2nd, 3rd, 4th) generation)?

What is the mechanism that prevents the FtsZ ring from assembling over the bacterial chromosome during binary fission? What proteins prevent FtsZ from polymerizing at the poles of the cell?

1.What type of bond holds amino acids together in a polypeptide chain?

A. Peptide Bond B. Phosphodiester Bond C. Hydrogen Bond   

2.Termination of translation takes place when the ribosome reaches:

A. A primer B. The promoter C. The start codon D. A stop codon

3. Which of the following is Different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation?

A. tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome B. Codon is complementary to anticodon C. Coding dictionary D. Occurs in same place as transcription

What is a carbohydrate? Be sure to distinguish from other macromolecules (proteins, etc) Give two specific examples of how carbohydrates function within the human body.