There are two "arms" of the immune system, Innate (non-specific) and Adpative (acquired).

What are the advantages of a cell-mediated immune response?

Recall the steps involved in phagocytosis. Now, speculate on the consequenses if an organism had the ability to evade phagocytosis. Be specific as to the effects on adaptive immune response.

Consider MN blood groups in humans. Suppose there is a population of 800 individuals. The following data were collected from the population:

Phenotype	# of Individuals
M	170
MN	410
N	220

(A)What is the frequency of the two alleles, LMand LN, in the population?

(B)What is the expected frequency of each genotype in the population?

(C)Based on the data, is the gene for the MN blood group in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this population? Explain your answer. (hint: perform a chi-square test and interpret the results of the test)

You have isolated two temperature-sensitive strains of yeast (which you have named giant and tiny) that show very different responses to elevated temperature. At high temperature, giant cells grow until they become enormous, but no longer divide. By contrast, tiny cells have a very short cell cycle and divide when they are very much smaller than usual. You are amazed to discover that these strains arose by different mutations in the same gene. Based on your understanding of cell cycle regulation, which possibility makes sense?

Group of answer choices

Hyper active Wee1 would generate both tiny and giant strains

Hyperactive form of Cdc25 would generate tiny strain and an inactive form of Cdc25 would generate giant strain

Inactive form of Wee1 would generate giant strain and hyperactive Wee1 would generate tiny strain

Hyperactive Ced25 would generate both tiny and giant strains

Hyperactive form of Cdc25 would generate giant strain and an inactive form of Cdc25 would generate tiny strain

1. Which of the following environmental factors is highly correlated with color vision in fish?

   		water temperature
   		water salinity
   		water depth
   		the coloration of prey

Explain the difference between non-disjunction during Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Which is more detrimental to the genetic compositionof the gametes? Explain your answer

If a diploid cell is 2N=8, draw the chromosomes of the following. How many chromosomes and chromatids would you see on the cells in the following stages.

a) Nullisomic for chromosome 2 in G1

b) Monosomic for chromosome 1 in G1

c) Tetrasomic for chromosome 4 in mitotic metaphase

d) Trisomic for chromosome 2 in G2

e) Triploid in metaphase 1 of meiosis

Explain how the depolarization stage of an action potential occurs and provide the change in electrical charge during depolarization. Be sure to address driving forces (gradients) in your answer.

Question 11 pts

which of the following events turns on/activates T and B cells?  

Group of answer choices

fever

T and B cells bind to the antigen (epitope) that they recognize

Release of type-1 interferons

antibodies bind to T and B cells

complement activation

Question 21 pts

under NORMAL circumstances, which of the following is NOT an antigen (or not likely to be an antigen)?

Group of answer choices

molecules bound by TCR

molecules bound by soluble antibodies and BCR

viral or bacterial components

host/self molecules

molecules that the immune system (T and B cells) can recognize, bind and respond to

Question 31 pts

which of the following does NOT describe an antibody molecule:

Group of answer choices

is made by a B cell

has two antigen-binding sites

can bind to 2 different antigens/epitopes at once

Its stem (Fc region) can activate complement or stimulate cells of the innate defences to respond (e.g.,damage eukaryotic pathogens or do phagocytosis)

binds to ONE specific antigen/epitope/microbe

Question 41 pts

opsonization:

Group of answer choices

is something that ANTI-BIOTICS (instead of anti-bodies) do to bacteria to control or eliminate them

helps/facilitates phagocytosis

is something done by anti-BODIES (immunoglobulins) only

is defined as preventing microbes or toxins from attaching to our cells

is NOT done by complement

Question 51 pts

the class-2 pathway of antigen presentation is used for:  

Group of answer choices

displaying antigen so CD4 T cell can bind it

used for displaying “endogenous” antigens

displaying components of microbes that live or replicate inside an infected cell (i.e., in the cytosol)

displaying antigen so CD8 T cell can bind it

displaying antigen so dendritic cells can bind it

displaying antigen so B cells can bind it

Question 61 pts

which of the following is a role of the lymphatic system:

Group of answer choices

transports type-1 interferons to site of infection

transports complement to site of infection

causes the symptoms and signs of inflammation (such as redness and swelling)

brings microbes/antigens into contact with T and B cells

Question 71 pts

the differential white blood cell count:

Group of answer choices

Refers ONLY to the number of T cells and B cells in the blood

is the relative numbers of memory cells and effector cells in the blood

does NOT change during the course of infection

includes the amount of complement proteins in the blood

can give us an idea of the patient’s condition during an infection

Question 81 pts

A B-cell that recognizes the spike of covid-19 virus/sars-cov-2 makes antibodies that bind:

Group of answer choices

any protein component of covid-19 virus, not just the spike

the RNA polymerase of the covid-19 virus

the RNA polymerase of any RNA virus

the spike of the flu virus only

spike of the covid-19 virus only

Question 91 pts

T and B cells are active/functional ALL the TIME, even when there is no infection nor exposure to microbe that T or B cells recognize

Group of answer choices

True

False

Question 101 pts

worms and eukaryotic pathogens are mainly controlled by:   

Group of answer choices

phagocytosis

the humoral immune response ONLY

cytotoxic T cells (CTL)

cytokines & enzymes from Th/T helper cells

Type 1 interferons and inflammation

antibodies and cells of the innate defences (ADCC)

Question 111 pts

A CTL/activated CD8T cell that recognizes the replicase enzyme of the hepatitis b virus can destroy:

Group of answer choices

cells of the body infected by any pathogen

cells of the body infected by covid-19

cells of the body infected hepatitis b virus that is presenting epitopes of the replicase enzyme

B cell displaying hepatitis b replicase epitope by the class-2 pathway

uninfected cells of the body

cells of the body infected by hepatitis b that is presenting epitopes of the heptatitis b spike protein ONLY

Question 121 pts

which antigen is mostly likely to be displayed by the class-1 pathway of antigen presentation?

Group of answer choices

viral proteins made inside infected cell

bacterial exo-enzyme

components of microbe that has entered the antigen presenting cell via a vesicle (i.e., entered the cell via endocytosis)

components of bacteria found in body fluids or extracellular space

bacterial exo-toxin

Question 131 pts

Infection by the flu virus turns on:

Group of answer choices

only T and B cells that recognize the flu virus

all T and B cells that recognize viruses (not just ones that recognize the flu virus)

all T cells only

all B cells only

all T cells and B cells

Innate defences only, not the immune system

Question 141 pts

“activated” (functional) T or B cells that respond to (or “attack”) microbe/antigen during a FUTURE re-exposure to the microbe are called___. These cells are generated during_____,

(for each choice: the item before the semicolon goes into the first space; item after the semicolon goes into the 2nd space.)

Group of answer choices

antigen presenting cells; antigen presentation

phagocytes; inflammation

mast cells; allergies

memory cells; T or B cell activation

effector cells; T or B cell activation

Question 151 pts

B cell activation requires:

Group of answer choices

signals from CD8 T cells (CTL)

signals from CD4 T/Th cells

B cell binding to antigen

B cell binding to antigen and signals from CD4 T/Th cells

B cell making physical contact with Dendritic cells

Question 161 pts

the following should occur when the immune system is re-exposed to a microbe it encountered in the past:

Group of answer choices

B cells should release higher amounts of antibodies and CTLs should kill more infected cells

the amount of antibodies decline very rapidly-within 2 weeks after re-exposure to microbe

the T and B cells that recognize the microbe are turned on more slowly

memory cells are not binding/responding to microbe

Th cells should release lower amounts of cytokines than during the primary response

Question 171 pts

what is the role of IgE (E class antibodies):

Group of answer choices

“all-purpose” antibody

protects us during the early part of an infection

prevent microbes from infecting mucus membranes

fighting off worms or other eukaryotic pathogens

Question 181 pts

An antibiotic can be used as a drug:  

Group of answer choices

when it’s shown to have selective toxicity

as soon as it’s discovered

when it is proven NOT to cause resistance in bacteria

when your instructor says so

when people figure out a way to modify it so that bacteria cannot overcome them

Question 191 pts

one reason that secondary/memory responses are stronger than primary responses is because there are more cells that recognize and respond to the antigen/microbe in a secondary response

Group of answer choices

True

False

Question 201 pts

what is the advantage of using broad-spectrum antibiotics?

Group of answer choices

controls spread of resistance by wiping out resistant bacteria

they specifically kill pathogenic bacteria

keep patients alive until pathogen is identified

they are also effective against diseases caused by viruses

helps to maintain normal flora population

24. What is meant by the statement ‘sea level rise is relative’? Relative to what? How can sea level be rising on the North Carolina coast but declining on the Alaskan coast if it is all one interconnected ocean?

34. Describe what problems a global increase in atmospheric CO₂ can cause for coral reef ecosystems.

• At least two application of evaporation in a bioengineering process, explained, with biography please

Describe the experiments conducted by Mendell with the pea pods. How did it indicate the inheritance of traits?

2.Explain how a Punnett square can be used to predict trait heritability percentages.

Describe the tenets of Mendelian genetics. Are these tenants held true for all genes?What are some things that can cause exceptions to Mendelian genetics. Why do these cause complications?

1.      a) where does the Calvin cycle happen in Sansevieria trifasciata?
         b) summurize the photosynthesis difference between Sansevieria trifasciata and typical C3 plants. what general category does Sansevieria trifasciata plant fit in.