The earliest fossil form, in the phylogeny of horse, is

(a) Eqiitts

(b) Mesohippus

(c) Eohippus

(d) Merychippus.

Imagine you are a first year graduate student at an institution in the US. You have decided to hold a "friendsgiving" feast the weekend before Thanksgiving, including some of your classmates and friends from other departments. One of your guests, who is studying physics, asks you what the biological differences between "dark" meat and "white" meat are. Identify three differences between dark and white meat, and explain the biological significance or implication of each in 1 sentence.

A new medical imaging device is designed and made for screening of breast cancer. Describe how experiments can be performed and used to determine the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Using your own hypothetical values, calculate the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the device. Is the device suitable for screening for breast cancer, based on your calculated values of its accuracy, sensitivity and specificity? Explain.

There are two theories to explain how altruistic behavior evolves: reciprocity and kin selection. A. What is altruistic behavior? Briefly explain why it is difficult to explain the evolution of altruistic behavior in 1-2 sentences. B. You observe a species of birds that appears to engage in altruistic behavior, and you are trying to decide if the behavior can be explained through either reciprocity or kin selection. You closely observe the animals, studying the behavior, and perform genetic analysis to determine the familial relationships between them. Briefly describe what results or observations would support each hypothesis (reciprocity or kin selection) in 2-3 sentences each.

Task- genetics

The genes for body color (A), eye color (B) and wing length (C) are linked to the same autosomal chromosome of D. melanogaster, in the order of A - B - C. For body color, alleles encode 'A +' for wild type and 'a' for black body; for eye color, alleles encode 'B +' for wild type and 'b' for pink eyes; For wing length, alleles code 'C +' for wild type and 'c' for short wings. Wild-type alleles ('A +', 'B +', 'C +') dominate the mutant alleles (a, b, c) and the genetic distances between loci are determined at 10 cM (A-B) and 20 cM (B - C).

A pure-eyed female with black body color, short wings and wild-type eyes is crossed to a male with pink eyes and wild-type phenotype for the two other characteristics of the parent generation. The F2 generation is created by crossing F1 females to males from a strain expressing all three recessive mutant properties (analysis crossing).

a) What is the expected frequency of double crossover among the F2 offspring?

b) What is the allelion in the F1 female (indicate as a chromosome sketch)?

c) What phenotypes will be observed among the offspring in F2 and in what conditions if the interference is 1?

d) What phenotypes will be observed among the offspring in F2 and in what conditions if the interference is 0?

A sequence of DNA reads: 5’ TCT GGC AAT CGC TAT 3’

1.What is the sequence of nucleotides on the complementary strand of DNA?

2.Which strand of DNA serves as the template strand – 5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’?

3.List the sequence of codons that result from the transcription of this DNA

4.What is the sequence of amino acids encoded by this DNA (Refer to the chart on the next page)?

5.How would the sequence of amino acids change if the first triplet of DNA read 5’ ACT 3’ instead of ‘5 TCT 3’?

Cortical bone resists this type of loading the least: A) bending B) compression C) tension D) torsion

authors argue that there is no updated evidence on the effectiveness of music therapy and other musical interventions on different outcomes of neurological disorders despite a significant amount of data on neurological disorders.

Elaborate your opinion about this topic?

Suppose you get 50 calories from the broccoli and 200 from the chicken.     Assume that 50% of the chicken’s energy came from the grain and 50% from the grubs.

What was the likely net primary productivity of the producers(s) that gave you the energy in the broccoli?    In the chicken?

Name the three key epigenetic modifications, and name a few key physiological,cellular etc. processes they are important in:

Cat worksheet: use in combination with the cat photos provided in the module to practice your dihybrid cross skills

**refer to text sections 9.4 & 9.5 to help you during this exercise**

1. Look at the photographs of domestic cats found in this module and take a look at the information on Mendelian traits that control the appearance of cats’ coats found below:

1. Coat uniformity is controlled by genes at the P locus: genotype (P--) = white patches of fur & genotype (pp) = solid colored fur

2. Hair length is controlled by genes at the H locus: genotype (H--) = short hair & genotype (hh) = long hair

KEY: P-- means PP or Pp, and H-- means HH or Hh: you’ll need to choose one or the other

2. Use the information about these two genes and the pictures of cats to answer the questions that follow.

Questions:

1. What does the gene at the H locus control? Which allele is dominant and which is recessive?

Hair length, H is dominant while h is recessive.

2. What does the gene at the P locus control? Which allele is dominant and which is recessive?

Coat uniformity, P is dominant while p is recessive.

3. Look at the photos of cats and figure out all the possible phenotype combinations an individual cat could have for the two traits of hair length and coat uniformity. Use words, not letters to describe these phenotypes (i.e. solid colored long hair, solid colored short hair, etc..).

First cat: Solid colored long hair

Third cat: Solid colored short hair

Third cat: White patches short hair

Fourth cat: White patches long hair

4. For each of these genes, how many alleles does an individual cat have? In other words how many alleles that determine hair length and how many that determine coat uniformity?

Two

5. Choose four cat photos and fill in the blanks below for each. This helps you practice translating what you see (phenotype) into genotype.

1. Cat #1 phenotype: Solid colored long hair

genotype: pphh

2. Cat #2 phenotype: Solid colored short hair

genotype: ppHh

3. Cat#3 phenotype: White patches short hair

genotype: PpHh

4. Cat#4 phenotype: White patches long hair

genotype: Pphh

6. Now choose any two cats and designate one male and the other female. Both are heterozygous for hair length and coat uniformity.

1. What are the genotypes of each cat?

Male: PpHh

Female: PpHh

2. What are their phenotypes?

Male: White patches short hair

Female:White patches short hair

7. Write the genotypes of all the gametes that each of these two cats can produce. (NOTE: this can be tricky at first, if needed refer to your dihybrid cross Amoeba Sisters video in the PreLab to see an example of how it’s done).

1. Male’s gametes:

2. Female’s gametes

8. Now you’re ready to take the gametes you’ve created above and construct a dihybrid cross Punnett square to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcomes of possible offspring (kittens!). Use the space below to construct your Punnett.

*Text section 9.5 & figure 9.5A are a good reference to use as you construct your Punnett. Doublecheck your gametes to be sure they each contain only ONE allele (alphabet letter) for each trait.

9. Using the possible phenotype combinations you listed in Question 3, write down the number of individuals in each category you expect to see based on your Punnett square. Can you express this as a ratio? (see fig 9.5A text)

10. Does a Punnett square show expectations for a whole population or just for one family? Explain your answer in relation to the cats in the photos and the Punnett square you just made.

Both keystone and foundation species are critical to ecosystem function. What are key differences between these two categories of species? Do some research on your own about different types of keystone and foundation species, and describe an example of each. What would happen if these species were eliminated? Discuss.

Aneuploidy is often more detrimental than polyploidy. Explain the difference between these two conditions and give one example why thisstatement is true

Describe in detail the CRISPR-Cas9 system of defense in bacterial against phages.

For each of the four respiratory complexes, list the redox centers and their reduction potentials. What is the significance of the order each redox center is used in electron transport?