You are charged to treat industrial wastewaters such as tannery wastewater and pulp mill effluents carrying hazardous wastes.

1) How can you enhance the biodegradation of these wastewaters? List all possible options available.

2) What would be a major component of pulp mill effluents? Suggest a microorganism which may be effective in degradation of the major component.

3) What is a possible degradation mechanism for this biodegradation by the microorganism?

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder. If a child comes from two heterozygous parents, what is the chance that the child will have it too?

25%

75%

50%

100%

Explain the detailed process for a cell taking in water from the periphery. What are the dangers associated with taking in water, and how are they overcome?

Describe the process of phagocytosis and the materials involved from the endocytotic event, to the eventual exocytotic event. In the case of a phagocytosed pathogen, in which step is the pathogen most likely destroyed?

How were core promoter elements identified?

How would you do this in a new organ

Manipulations of DNA often require the addition of magnesium. Why ?

16. For each of the following, what would happen if the listed junction didn’t exist? (tow sentence each)

1. Adherens

2. Desmosomes

3. Hemidesmosomes

4. Tight

5. Gap

Which of the following is not a difference between ionotropic and metatropic receptors?

A. Number of subunits

B. Presence of channels

C. Response Speed

D. Influx of ions

E. Neurotransmitter binding site

In an experiment, a student adds a G-protein antagonist that prevents the release of GDP from the alpha subunit, to a cell. What would be the expected effect?

A. increased availability of free GDP

B. Dissociation of the alpha subunit from the beta-gamma subunit

C. decreased flow of ions through the channel

D. Initiation of signaling cascade

E. No response to transmitter binding

Duplication of a genome once per cell cycle is, in essence, a biosynthetic process and, hence, demands the input of energy. Moreover, successful semi-conservative replication of the genomic DNA requires the action of many different components. Based on your understanding of the information and general principles covered in lecture, fill in the spaces provided with your responses to the questions asked about the ten proteins below.