a pulmonary bolus is a piece of blood clot, adipose tisse, or other substance that lodges somewhere in the pulmonary circuit.                                                    a. Henry has pulmonary embolus lodged in one of his pulmonary arterioles. trace the pathway of blood flow from his inferior vena cava to the pulmonary arterioles where the embolus is lodged.                     b.How will the embolus affect gas exchange in Henry's pulmonarycapillaries? be specific.

Explain, in your own words (150~300 words), why the common conception of a “gene for trait X” may be misleading. [Hint: Think about what the connection between a genotype and a phenotype is, and what additional factor(s) may come into play]

Wild harebells have blue flowers. Two strains of harebells carry recessive alleles that give the plants white flowers.

a. Describe a cross to determine whether the white-flower causing alleles in these two strains are variants of the same gene or different genes, and the progeny phenotypes you expect to find in each case.

b. You results from the cross above indicate that the two strains carry alleles at different genes. What phenotypic ratio do you expect to find among the F2 progeny of a cross between parents of the two strains?

Most drugs cannot be excreted unchanged by the body but have to go through the process of drug metabolism. Drug metabolism enables structural change within the drug allowing for its’ elimination from the body. Describe in detail the processes involved in drug metabolism. Your answer should include the reactions of phase I and phase II metabolism, the control of expression of cytochrome P450s and detailed examples of these processes in drugs chosen by you.

2) (i)What does KM mean experimentally in terms of what you add in an Eppendorf tube? (ii) How does it differ from KD?

1. List & describe the various characteristics that distinguish living things from non-living things.

You are wanting to breed a herd of super-cattle, which will be heavier than other cattle in Nebraska. You start with a population with a mean weight of 1450 lbs. You select the top 20% of your cattle for weight, which has a mean of 1550 lbs. You then breed only the selected cattle together and observe that the mean weight of the offspring is 1475 lbs.

a. What is the narrow-sense heritability for cattle weight for this population of cattle?

b. Your neighbor’s herd has a narrow-sense heritability of 40% (or 0.40) for cattle weight. Which herd, yours or the neighbor’s, would be best to use to breed the herd of super-cattle?

1) You are screening a population of 350 island sheep for coat color, and you count 100 black sheep and 250 white sheep. What is p, the frequency of the “black” allele of the TYRP1 gene? Crossing true breeding black sheep with true breeding white sheep always results in 100% black sheep.

2) In the same population, if it is under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, how many individuals do you expect to be heterozygous at TYRP1?

3) You come back after the population has gone through one generation, and count 445 white sheep and 208 black sheep. What is the expected number of heterozygotes in the new generation, if this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

4) What is the observed number of heterozygotes in the new generation?

5) Using the same logic, you get the expected and observed number of homozygotes in the new generation, and run a χ² test. You find your p-value is 0.8377. What can you say about this population?

Cancer is genetics but is not inherited. This means that all cancer cases happened due to damages of the DNA but it will not be passed into future generations, what do you think? Yes or No and Why? [Write two paragraphs]

Please don't use older questions that are posted .. If you going to write it, please be as neat as possible. "Two paragraphs needed". Thank you in advance!

Please answer

what are endospores and describe ( structure and function) and Why might endospores give a species of bacteria a competitive advantage and What primary and secondary stain will we be using during the endospore stain?

1. explain in detail Caughly’s research on kangaroos

2. IN DETAIL what are the definitions of fundamental and realized niche. using examples: (especially the barnacles and tiger beetles)

3. IN DETAIL what are the Rabinowitz’s classifications for rarity (i.e., Rarity I, Rarity II, etc.).

propose a mechanism by which chemotaxis is used by E. coli to move away from a repellent.

In particular, think about the following:

• Describe the interaction between the chemoreceptors and the two-component regulatory system when dealing with a repellent
• What kind of flagellar movement does this cause?
• How can the cell detect whether it’s moving away or towards a repellent in a gradient?

What are the different types of variations in composition and arrangements of chromosomes?

What are deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations?

What are karyotypes and how can they help us measure chromosome numbers and variations?

What are the mechanisms by which an organism's genome is passed on to the next generation?

Please answer ALL questions!!

How can independent assortment of alleles during meiosis lead to new combinations of alleles of unlinked genes?

How do crossing-overs cause new combinations of alleles of linked genes?

What are the determinants of gender in humans and other organisms?

What are strategies for sex chromosome dosage compensation?

How is DNA organized in organisms?

How is the DNA packed in the nucleus?

Pkease answer ALL QUESTIONS!

1) LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS THAT UNITE THE MOLLUSCS AND ANNELIDS.

2) Compare the circulatory system of the heart for fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

3)Define a mammal and distinguish between the three major types of mammals.