1.Explain characteristics and tests used by microbiologists to assign bacteria to different taxonomic groups.

2.Some prokaryotes play essential roles in the ecology of the biosphere. Give examples and describe their impacts.

4. What does enzymatic kinetics imply and how can we classify it? (Bibliography)

Describes extensively the action of enzymes. (Bibliography)

Using a 10x objective, you find that your field of view diameter is 1.8mm. Using the equation from procedure 2.3, what is the field of view diameter at the 4x objective?

Briefly, how does the chain termination method work? Make sure to discuss the role of ddNTPs.

The efficacy of a drug is dependent on a therapeutic concentration reaching its target site of action. If the too little drug is present there may be no therapeutic benefit, too much and over-dosage might occur. Describe in detail the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that need to be ascertained in order to use a drug properly. Your answer should include how these properties can be determined, why they are important to the functioning of a particular drug and what might go wrong if these properties are determined incorrectly.

6) How is the lac operon regulated if the bacteria is put into an environment where there is excess amount of lactose and glucose at the same time. (10 pts)

Track the ingestion and digestion of a ham-and-cheese sandwich on whole wheat bread with lettuce, green pepper, and tomatoes. Describe the fate of this sandwich from the time you eat it. Be very detailed regarding the digestive process, location, enzyme action, and use of accessory organs of digestion

The DNA sequence AAAGGGCCCCGGGCCCC could be considered a mutational hot spot because

Group of answer choices

it contains more G/C than A/T and therefore is unstable.

it is repetitive and therefore would be shortened with each cell division.

it is repetitive and therefore more prone to errors during replication and repair.

it contains more G/C than A/T and therefore is difficult to transcribe.

The opiates can be considered as “Jekyll and Hyde” drugs because on one hand they can be used therapeutically for a number of conditions especially pain management and on the other this class of drugs are amongst the most dangerous and addictive drugs in existence. Describe in detail the positive and negative aspects of the use of this class of drugs. Your answer should include the mechanism of action of these drugs, their therapeutic and their abusive uses, their addictive properties and strategies for dealing with opiate addiction and overdose.

*Please don't answer with photos, DO NOT UPLOAD PHOTO, it's hard to read.

I post this question twice, please don't answer this post if you already answer the other one, if you can answer different answer that's fine. REASON WHY I POST IT TWICE, I NEED TWO DIFFERENT VIEW.

Discussion

Hi All - this week you will learn about DNA - the molecule of life! You may think that protein-coding genes are the most important, but results from the Human Genome Project revealed that only about 2% of our DNA codes for protein - so what about the rest of the "junk DNA" (or non-protein coding portion of the genome) - is it functionally important? Yes! Scientists are learning how "the non-protein-coding portion of the genome is of crucial functional importance: for normal development and physiology and for disease". I would like you to please choose a topic with regards to the non-protein coding portion of the genome (this will introduce you to gene regulation which we will cover in chapter 11) or you may also choose to write about a topic that describes a mutation in any protein that is involved in DNA replication, transcription, or translation (we did not talk about all of the enzymes involved in those processes). Please list your reputable source - this is worth 0.5 pt (even if you use one of my sources below) and tell me WHY you chose your topic (this is worth 1 pt.) please try to briefly explain your topic to the best of your knowledge - I don't expect you to write a lot of detail about your topic - it might be hard to understand (which you are welcome to comment on in your paragraph)!

Examples to choose from (but not limited to) include: noncoding RNAs (snRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs, snoRNAs, piRNAs, lincRNAs) and RNA therapeutics:

LIST:

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4119351/ (Development of microRNA therapeutics is coming of age)

2. http://www.umassmed.edu/rti/ (RNA Therapeutics Institute)

3. http://www.genengnews.com/insight-and-intelligence/rna-based-therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520/

4. http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/26/21/2361.full (Biology of PIWI-Interacting RNAs: new insights into biogenesis and function inside and outside of germlines)

5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4265212/ (PIWI proteins and their interactors in piRNA biogenesis, germline development and gene expression)

6. http://www.news-medical.net/news/20121203/microRNAs-play-an-important-role-during-embryonic-development.aspx

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578617/ (the role of microRNAs in cell fate determination)

8. http://news.berkeley.edu/2017/01/13/scientists-reprogram-embryonic-stem-cells-to-expand-their-potential/

9. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/40871/title/The-Second-Coming-of-RNAi/

10. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2013/cardiac-development-needs-more-than-protein-coding-genes-0124.html (long non-coding RNA molecules)

11. http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/new-role-micrornas-torpedoes-sink-neurons(microRNAs)

12. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/rothmund-thomson-syndrome (mutation in human helicase gene)

13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3633371/ (mutation in mitochondrial helicase gene called TWINKLE)

14. http://sfari.org/news-and-opinion/news/2013/in-autism-related-disorders-rna-turns-out-to-be-key (RNA topoisomerase)

15. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/TERC (dyskeratosis congenita - mutations in the TERC gene - the RNA component of telomerase)

16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3853347/ (Top3beta is an RNA topoisomerase that works with Fragile X syndrome protein to promote synapse formation)

The following 3 articles discuss long non-coding RNAs - there are many examples in each article so you only need to talk about one example - not the whole article:

1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468054016300063 (mechanism of action and functional utility)

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084630/ (dysregulated expression in ovarian cancer)

3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736767/ (stem cells)

1. Research one of the invasive species from the list below (or any other invasive species).

• Zebra mussel
• Cane toad
• Asian carp
• Kudzu wine
• Water hyacinth
• European starling
• European rabbit (invasive in Australia)
• Gypsy moth
• Lionfish
• Burmese python

2. Describe the species, upload a picture, and answer the following questions: where does it originate? where is it invasive? how did it become invasive? what damage does it cause? and how could it be controlled? Please cite sources

Essay: Short Essay: Write a logical and factually correct paragraph on the following topic, using correct English grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Be concise. Write your essay in the space provided below. Please write clearly and large enough for your instructor to read! You will see one of the following topics on your exam: 1. Compare and contrast the scientific use of the following: opinion, hypothesis, theory, and law. 2. Briefly define the regulatory processes of positive and negative feedback. Give an example of each and explain how your examples illustrate the processes. Also explain why negative feedback is more common than positive feedback in living organisms. 3. Name five of the interspecific interactions that we discussed in class. For each one, define it and indicate one of the following four symbols: +/+ +/0 +/- -/-