1.1 Maria is a genetic counselor and has a son who looks very much like her. Total strangers often say “He is your little clone—he looks just like you!” She’s tempted to retort, “No he’s not! You obviously don’t know anything about genetics!” but instead just says “Thank you.”

a. Based on what you know about genetics explain why Maria’s son could not be her clone.

b. Would it be legal to for Maria to make a clone of herself? Should it be? Explain your answer in 1-2 sentences.

1.2 When I was an undergraduate, a friend of mine who knew I was working on genetics offered to pay me a tidy sum to clone his dog Mitzi, who he loved dearly, so that he would never have to be without her. Although I could have used the money, I declined.

a. If I had cloned Mitzi, would Mitzi’s clone have been identical to Mitzi in appearance and behavior?

b. If she would not have been identical, explain why not in terms of genetics and gene expression.

1.3 (2 pts) List an example of a clone that is found in nature (rather than made in agricultural practice or the lab) in each of the following categories and escribe the characteristic(s) that qualify it to be considered a clone, in 1-2 sentences.

a. Single-celled organism

b. Plant

c. Animal

1.4 Plants have been genetically modified for many different reasons, which can be loosely grouped into two categories:

To increase yield. Examples include pesticide resistance, longer shelf-life modification and drought resistance.

To directly improve human health. Examples include: increasing the nutritional value of crops, removing allergenic substances, and using crops to produce vaccines.

Find one example of a crop in each category, then answer the following questions for each. Do not use examples we will discuss in class, which are BT, Round-up ready crops and Golden Rice, or other crops modified to make beta carotene.

a.GMO plants to increase yield (3 pts)

i.Name the GMO (e.g corn) and the gene or genes that were added or changed.

ii.What benefit(s) does the gene/s confer to the crop?

iii.Is this product in commercial use today?

iv.What are the regulations on the use of this product? Does it need to be labeled? Do farmers have to have a special permit to grow it?

v.What is one concern regarding the use of this crop?

b.GMO plants to benefit human health (3 pts)

i.Name the GMO (e.g corn) and the gene or genes that were added or changed.

ii.What benefit(s) does the gene/s confer to humans?

iii.Is this product in commercial use today?

iv.What are the regulations on the use of this product? Does it need to be labeled? Do farmers have to have a special permit to grow it?

v.         What is one concern regarding the use of this crop?

What is chromatin and how can it be remodelled?

What information does chromosome banding provide us?

What is repetitive DNA and how are they organized in the genome?

What is meant by ploidy, aneuploidy, euploidy?

How do aneuploidies occur?

What are polyploidies?

What happens when meiosis does not go according to plan.

Please answer ALL questions

1. Identify 3 taxa of hominin with standard binomial nomenclature, what specific sites those hominin have been found at, and who named those taxa.

2. Often referred to colloquially as “Lucy”, which species of early hominin was named after a famous song? What was the actual name of that song, which artist performed it, on what album, and in what year?

3. Which species was responsible for the Laetoli footprints?

4. How was the famous site of Zhoukoudian found? What were the fossils of early hominin thought to be before they were identified as hominin and what were they used for?

5. Which species of early hominin was thought to have first used fire?

Describe the differences between the classical and the lectin pathway of the complement system?

1) You are performing an endospore stain of a 72 hour Clostridium sporogenes culture. You forget to turn on the heat on your water beaker. What will you see under the microscope:

a) Spores will be green

b)Everything will be green

c) vegetative cells will be pink

e) everything will be pink

2) You are performing an acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium smegmatis and forget to use the acid alcohol. WHat color will the cells appear under the microscope?

a)green or blue

b) purple

c) pink

d)colorless

3) You are performing a capsule stain and only see a dark background with no white spaces. Why?

a)the cell does not have a capsule

b) the bacteria was not added

c) crystal violet was not added

d) two of the choices are possible

4) What is NOT an advantage of having a capsule?

a) to avoid drying out

b) to avoid being eaten via phagocytosis

c) to use as food

d) to survive unfavorable conditions

5) Which of the following pairs is mismatched:

a) Carbolfuchsin: primary stain

b) alcohol: mordant

c) brilliant green: secondary stain

d) Carbolfuchsin: basic dye

Hagrid is rushed to the hospital after experiencing severe heart palpitations. The emergency team diagnoses it as supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and immediately administers an IV rescue medication. The administration does not act as potently as expected and requires a higher dose. He does recover, but slower than expected. His wife confirms that the only drug he is taking is theophylline for emphysema, though he accidentally double-dosed the morning. Based on the information provided, i) name the drug used as a rescue medication, ii) explain how it relieves the arrhythmia, and iii) explain why it did not work as effectively as expected.  

Explain in detail the events that take place during the extravasation or neutrophil transmigration from the circulation to the connection tissue during inflammation.

15. Young rainbow trout were sampled along a river to study the population and determine if recreational fishing or other factors might be affecting the size of the population. A. In the first year of the study, researchers estimated the size of the population. They performed the first stage of their analysis after breeding season had ended. The first week, 92 trout were captured and marked. In a second round of capture one week later, 108 trout were captured; of these, 12 were marked. Estimate the size of the population based on these data. Round your anwer to the nearest whole number. 15B. In the second year of the study, researchers estimated the per capita population growth rate at -0.15. Based on this value, what is the size of the population in the second year of the study? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. 15C. Identify two factors that could have caused the population to change in this way, and briefly explain how each factor could result in this change in 1-2 sentences (each).

Two autosomal genes control horn color in dragons. Pure-breeding gold-horned dragons were mated to pure-breeding silver-horned dragons. All of the F1 were gold. The F1 were intermated and the F2 generation consisted of 147 gold, 16 silver and 93 bronze.

Conduct a chi-square test to test the appropriate type of epistasis.
In the chi-square test, what is the expected number of gold-horned dragons? Round to two decimal places.

Conduct a chi-square test to test the appropriate type of epistasis.
In the chi-square test, what is the expected number of silver-horned dragons? Round to two decimal places.

15. Young rainbow trout were sampled along a river to study the population and determine if recreational fishing or other factors might be affecting the size of the population.

A. In the first year of the study, researchers estimated the size of the population. They performed the first stage of their analysis after breeding season had ended. The first week, 92 trout were captured and marked. In a second round of capture one week later, 108 trout were captured; of these, 12 were marked. Estimate the size of the population based on these data. Round your anwer to the nearest whole number.

15B. In the second year of the study, researchers estimated the per capita population growth rate at -0.15. Based on this value, what is the size of the population in the second year of the study? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.

15C. Identify two factors that could have caused the population to change in this way, and briefly explain how each factor could result in this change in 1-2 sentences (each).

Part II: For the following questions, provide your response in short-answer format (3–5 sentences each). Use this Phase’s activities and resources to assist you in answering.

1.           How does the vegetation surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

2.           How does the smooth mountain rock surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

3.           How does the bare soil surface type affect the amount of runoff? Speculate why this happens.

4.           How does vegetation slow and prevent sediment loss?

5.           How does vegetation allow greater infiltration?

6.           How does pavement or smooth rock runoff affect waterways?

7.           How do heavy sediment deposits affect waterways?

8.           How does sediment loss affect land and soil quality?

Heart muscle contains a form of PFK-2/FBPase-2 that is different from that in liver. In heart muscle, phosphorylation of PFK-2/FBPase-2 by protein kinase A (also called cAMP-dependent protein kinase) activates PFK-2 and inhibits FBPase-2. Explain why this makes metabolic sense for a response of heart muscle to epinephrine. (Heart muscle cells have receptors for epinephrine, but not for glucagon.)

You have just eaten a raisin.  It is in your mouth now.  Where does it go from here?  Follow all the way through the digestive system