Question

What are the different types of variations in composition and arrangements of chromosomes?

What are deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations?

What are karyotypes and how can they help us measure chromosome numbers and variations?

What are the mechanisms by which an organism's genome is passed on to the next generation?

Please answer ALL questions!!

Answer 1

1. Chromosomes is a molecule which contain all the part of genetic material including DNA. It also contain packaging proteins (histone protrins) and chaperons which tightly condense the chromosome. The different arrangemet of proteins occur during different stages of cell division. These are interphase chromatin (euchromatin and hetrochromatin), and metaphase chromatin. Euchromatin consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein, Heterochromatin consists of mostly inactive DNA. Metaphase chromatin become more and more condensed.

2. Deletions: Deletion is a type of mutation in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.

Duplications: Duplication is a type of mutation in which a section of DNA is duplicated and both copies end up in the same chromosomes.

Inversions: Inversion is a type of mutation in which a section of DNA is put in backwards.

Translocations: Translocation is a type of mutation in which two non-homologous chromosomes exchange sections of DNA.

3. Karyotype: A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. The term is also used for the complete set of chromosomes in a species or in an individual organism and for a test that detects this complement or measures the number. Karyotypes describe the chromosome count of an organism and what these chromosomes look like under a light microscope. Attention is paid to their length, the position of the centromeres, banding pattern, any differences between the sex chromosomes, and any other physical characteristics.

4. An organism's genome is the entire set of genetic material. It passe to the next generation parents gamete which form zygote leading to next generation. The haploid set of genetic material comes from mother and haploid set of genetic material comes from father in the gamete. This gamete combineds in a process known as fertilization. Fertilization results in to formation of zygote which develops into next generation individual.