Provide a simple explanation as to how a virus might be generated in which more than one env protein can be incorpoorated into a retrovirus particle by considering the process of budding.

1. Bones are strongest in resisting compressive stress, why? Explain.

2. Bones are weakest in resisting shear stress, why? Explain.

Marla and Anthony enjoy hiking and mountain climbing. They want to know whether theIr 2 year old son, Spencer, will excel at these activities too. They send a sample of Spencer's, cheek cells to a company that offers genetic test for atlethic ability and request a test on the angiotensin I-converting enzymes (ACE) gene. Marla and Anthony had read a study about 40 elite British mountaineers, many of whom had a genotype that is rare among the general, non-mountain-climbing population. Look up what the gene does, and suggest how variants of it might affect athletic ability.

A. Do you think that the parents should decide which sports spencer tries based on the genetic test results? explain your answer.

B. How might variants affect athletic ability? explain

C. Should parents choose sports for their chlid based on genetic test results? Explain.

1. which antibiotics would you prescribed to a patient for a bacterial

infection caused by Ecoli _   _   _   _ _  _       and Staph               -'------------ and·why?

How can humans face the challenge of maintaining our ecosystem so that it can sustain diverse species? What role does understanding the impact of the formation of new species and the extinction of others play in facing this challenge? Will humans be just another primate to go extinct?

6. Two common sources of emerging diseases are mutations in disease-causing organisms that enable them to transfer from one host species to another, and invasions of disease-causing organisms into new ecosystems.

a. Briefly describe one example of each, ensuring you clearly label which is an example of invasion and which is transfer across species

b. Describe what is meant by the term antimicrobial resistance

c. Use one of the examples you gave in part a) to describe how the rate of evolution impacts the relationship between the disease-causing species and both the new and original species impacted by the disease.

Take a recent drug advertisement from a journal and retrieve 2 journal references mentioned in the advertisement to determine if the truly spurt the claim in the ad ( see medscape.com/viewarticle/726442 for ideas to look for)

Inter-specific interactions have evolved over many generations and been preferred by natural selection that is why these interactions continue today. Discuss this statement with reference to at least five (5) types of inter-specific interactions using relevant species examples.

3.) .) Which of the following is NOT a part of Mendel’s Model (as described in class)?
A. If the alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance.

B. For each trait, an individual inherits two copies of the gene, known as sister chromatids.

C. Two alleles separates during meiosis and end up in different gametes.

D. Alleles account for variation in traits.

10.) A true breeding black flowered plant is mated with a true breeding white flowered plant (P generation). Flower color in this plant is controlled by a single gene. Their F1 offspring are all gray-flowered.

Two of these gray-flowered plants are mated together, and produce an F2 generation of 100 offspring. 25 offspring are black, 50 offspring are gray, and 25 offspring are white flowered.

Which of the following is the BEST statement regarding this scenario?

A. The gene exhibits complete dominance, because the F1 offspring were all gray flowered, and the F2 generation contained both black and white flowers.

B. The gene is epistatic because alleles at multiple loci are interacting to produce the gray phenotype.

C. The gene exhibits codominance, because both black and white flowers were present in the F2 generation and the phenotypic ratio = 3:1 in the F2 generation.

D. The gene exhibits incomplete dominance, because the phenotypic ratio = 1:2:1 in the F2 generation.


42.) What is your conclusion regarding the hypothetical paternity of these two twins? Please state your conclusion in one sentence.

Note: there are several correct answers to this question!

41.) Fraternal (non-identical) twins develop when two eggs in a woman’s body are fertilized by different sperm gametes. In a court case over disputed paternity of two non-identical twins, the blood types of their mother, the twins, and two potential fathers are taken. You are assigned to this case to settle this dispute using the following blood type information.

The mother is blood type O
Twin A has blood type A and twin B has blood type B
Man #1 is blood type A
Man #2 is blood type B

Write the blood genotypes for both of the nonidentical twins below. Use the following format for your alleles:

IA = allele A

IB = allele B

i = allele O

Format your answer as:

Twin A: _____________. Twin B: _________________

Genetic mosaics are created within the proneural clusters in the background of a heterozygous Notch-/+ organism. One of the cells within such a cluster gets a Notch-/Notch- genotype. Predict whether this cell will become a neuroblast or an epidermoblast. Briefly explain your answer.

In the species A of crustaceans, Ubx is expressed in segments 5-10. In the species B, the Ubx expression has expanded anteriorly and the gene is expressed in segments 4-10. The cis-regulatory regions of Ubx from the species A were cloned upstream of the GFP reporter, and transgenic lines containing this construct were generated for both species.

a) In the species A, in which segments will you see GFP if the construct contains all the regulatory regions sufficient to drive the Ubx expression?

b) In the species B, in which segments will you expect to see the GFP expression if the difference between the Ubx expression in two species is due to cis-regulatory changes?

c) In the species B, in which segments will you expect to see GFP if the difference between the Ubx expression in two species is due to changes in trans-regulatory factors?

2. After your frustration with tissue culture, you finally get your cells passaged and decide to set up your cDNA synthesis reaction, PCR, and agarose gel. You have extracted RNA from your cells, and now you need to proceed with the cDNA synthesis.

a. The first step is to determine the concentration of your RNA. You dilute your RNA 1:250, vortex it, move it to the cuvette, and run it on the spectrophotometer.   The spec tells you that your concentration of RNA is 22µg/mL with an A260 of 0.32 and an A280 of 0.2. What is your ACTUAL RNA concentration, and what is its purity?

b. After determining your actual concentration of RNA, you are ready to make your cDNA. The protocol calls for the following for a total of 20µL:

5x iScript Reaction Mix – 4µL

iScript reverse transcriptase – 1µL

Nuclease free water – x µL

RNA template (100fg to 1ug total RNA) – x µL

You decide to use 500ng (or 0.5µg) of RNA in this reaction. How many µL of your RNA do you need, and how much water will you put in the tube?

c. You make the cDNA and get ready to set up your PCR for CD-10. The Qiagen protocol is as follows to a total of 50µL:

cDNA – 2µL

MgCl (25mM) – 4µL

CD-10 Forward Primer (10nM) – 1µL

CD-10 Reverse Primer (10nM) – 1µL

                                                10x Buffer – 5µL

                                                Q Solution – 10µL

                                                dNTPs (25mM) – 2µL

                                                Taq Polymerase – 0.5µL

                                                Water – to 50µL

You have 2 samples plus a negative control that you need to test. How will you set up a master mix to make your pipetting more accurate and setting up this experiment go much faster than pipetting each individual component into 3 separate tubes? Remember to give yourself room for error.

d. While your PCR is running, you decide to go ahead and make your agarose gel. Your product size is expected to be 536bp. What percentage agarose gel do you need? How much agarose, and how much 1X TBE buffer to you need to accomplish this?

e. You pour your gel successfully, but use the last of the 1X TBE. You need more TBE to run the gel, but all we have is 50X TBE. You decide to make 3L of 1X TBE from the 50X TBE so that there is plenty for others (remembering your frustration from tissue culture and no PBS earlier in the day). How much 50X TBE do you need, and how much water do you need to make 3L?

3. Making Solutions:

a. You need 100mLs of a 5M solution of CaCl₂. The MW of CaCl₂ is 111 grams/mol. How many grams of CaCl₂ do you need?

b. You want 25mLs of the following solution: 0.5M CaCl₂ and 1M MgSO₄. You have 5M CaCl₂ and 2.5M MgSO₄. How much of each do you add to make your final solution?

4. Many times, you will be using someone else’s lab notebook to formulate your own protocols. You will notice in some lab notebooks that the author will refer to nearly everything in volume rather than concentration. For example, it may say, “add 5μL DNA to the PCR tube” instead of “add 500ng DNA to the PCR tube.” Which is more accurate? Why?

1) Describe the route that water follows as it passes through a clam starting from the incurrent siphon and finishing with the excurrent siphon

2) Members of such a large and diverse phylum as Mollusca impact humans in many ways. Discuss this statement. 500 words max.

Problem III. A very large population of a flowering plant species occurs in a lowland meadow. A small population of the same species occurs on a remote mountainous region more than 200 km away.

You collect seeds and raise several plants from each population in the same greenhouse.

You measure flower size on plants of each population and find the following:

Mountainous region: mean flower diameter = 1.2 cm

Lowland meadow: mean flower diameter = 5.2 cm

Now on a plant of each population, you self-pollinate one flower and cross-pollinate another using pollen from a plant from the same population. You collect the seeds that form, grow up the offspring the greenhouse and measure their adult biomass. You find the following:

Mountainous region selfed offspring:                    4.5 g

Mountainous region outcrossed offspring:          4.7 g

Lowland region selfed offspring:                                               2.5 g

Lowland region outcrossed offspring:                     4.8 g

In a short paragraph, provide a plausible evolutionary explanation for the differences you observe between the populations, based on what we have been discussing in class.

This is all the information I was given.