To try and determine what type of virus it is, you gathered the following information:

The capsid is surrounded by a plasma membrane that resembles that of an animal cell. After its genetic material is released into a host cell, the genetic information is used to produce mRNA through a process called transcription. From this mRNA, proteins are being produced making further use of the host's resources. When the assembled virus particles leave the cell, they destroy it.

What type of virus is this?

1. Describe the different functions of the conducting zone and respiratory zone and relate those to differences in their histology.

2. State whether hyperventilation and emphysema would raise or lower each of the following—the blood Po2, Pco2, and pH—and explain why.

Let’s say that a population has N individuals (2N alleles) in generation t. It suddenly undergoes a population expansion such that the t+1 generation has 100N individuals (i.e.200N alleles). How does this change the effective population size? What does this mean for the amount of drift in this new population?

Your colleague has isolated a mutant bacterial strain and found the dna 5x10^8 bp in length. she has asked you to do restriction mapping. you start by determining the base composition of the bacterium, and find that the bacteria consists of 24% Thymine and 26% Guanine. you plan on using the enzyme NOTI which recognizes the sequence 5'-GCGGCCGC-3'

a) How many fragments would you expect assuming that it occurs randomly throughout the genome

b)your colleague also provided several variants of her strain of bacteria. You test all of them and found differences in their respective banding pattern, in a simple statement, what could account for this?

Predict the function of the zebrafish gene represented by the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST), EH489154. Your analysis should include information about any open reading frames (if any), protein domains (if any) and any other analyses you deem relevant.

[please be detailed]

Reactions require energy. The reaction that adds a new nucleoside to a growing chain of DNA requires energy as well. Where does this energy come fromWhat is the name of the enzyme involved in this process?

The enzyme named above only moves in what direction along the DNA strand? What consequences does this have on the other strand? What is an Okazaki fragment, and how are they later “glued” together?

What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA?

Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first in order to make protein from DNA?

In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA?

Where in the cell is mRNA synthesized? Where does it go after its synthesis?

Define codon.

What codon(s) signal the start and stop of protein synthesis?

In one sentence, explain what tRNA does.

What enzyme attaches the correct amino acid to each tRNA? Is there only one kind of this enzyme that works for all 20 different amino acids?

Define anticodon. Define translocation.

Why does protein synthesis end when the stop codon is encountered by the ribosome?

6.What type(s) of mutations are there between the BMD strand and the WT strands. What effects, if any, do you think these mutations have on the function of the dystrophin protein. Explain your reasoning. (Assume that the observed mutations ONLY affect the polypeptide sequence in this exon.)

Peas heterozygous for three independently assorting genes were intercrossed.

(example cross: Aa Bb Cc x Aa Bb Cc )

What proportion of the offspring will be homozygous for one gene and heterozygous for the other two?

(hint: apply binomial expansion equation)

1/4

3/8

1/8

3/16

1/2

already answered 1/4 and 1/2 and they were incorrect

Explain how resource partitioning may lead to the following two processes :

• modification of a population's realized niche
• speciation.

Summarize the Jared Diamond Ted talk,  how it relates to the book Psychology of Aging: A Biopsychosocial Perspective.

Describe the biosynthesis of human papillomavirus (HPV). Discuss the transcription of the virus genome into new virion particles. Make sure to include if your virus must package any special enzymes in order to be effective.

1. What Region of visible light spectrum yields the highest photosynthetic rates in spinach? What regions yield the lowest photosynthetic rates? How do you know? (See graph below)

2. 2. Green photosynthetic pigments (e.g., chlorophyll a and b) capture energy from a wide—but not the widest possible—region of the visible spectrum of light. What pigment color would enable plants to capture energy from almost the entire spectrum of visible light? Why, then, are most plants green? (see graph below)

3. 6. Describe the impact of green light, blue light, and DCMU on photosynthesis. Use data to support your answer.

When does the chemical formula (formula unit) of an ionic compound indicate about the structures that make up the compound?

A) Smallest natural radio of ions present

B) The amount of charge on each ion present

C) The total number of each ion present

D)The number of electrons each ion lost or gained

A molecule with multiple polar bonds:

A) will always be polar

B) will never be polar

C) may or may not be polar based on shape

What kind of compounds are liquid at room temperature?

A) Ionic

B) covalent (molecular)

C) could be either ionic or covalent

HIV is considered a chronic infectious disease. With access to health care and adherence to suggested HAART therapy, people are living normal lives through their late adulthood without AIDS progression. Let's talk a little bit about the rights and responsibilities of a person with a chronic communicable disease like HIV.

1) Currently, military applicants who test positive for HIV are excluded from participating in military service, regardless of the ability to perform. Would you consider this discrimination of a pre-existing condition?

2) Active duty military or reservists that test positive (they are tested biannually) are allowed to stay in the military, and only discharged when soldiers are physically deteriorated or cognitively inept. Recently, multiple men have been forcibly discharged from the military due to a positive HIV test, despite being asymptomatic, overall in 'good' physical and mental health, and adhering to HAART therapy. Do you think there is any rational argument to remove service men and women from duty if they are HIV positive? Is this a violation of the rights of the individuals?

3) What do you think of the scenario where an HIV infected individual is in a combat-zone, receives an injury, and potentially exposes his or her fellow soldiers to their blood during rescue efforts?

4) It is highly recommended that HIV positive pregnant females take HAART therapy throughout their pregnancy. HAART during pregnancy has proven highly efficacious in minimizing the transmission of HIV from mother to fetus throughout pregnancy and during birth. However, it is not legally required for a pregnant woman to take HAART therapy, even when the mother is provided HAART through government funding such as MassHealth. Should a DOTS-like program (remember from the TB lecture) be required for pregnant HIV females?

5)  Persons who inject drugs can substantially reduce their risk of getting and transmitting HIV, viral hepatitis and other blood-borne infections by using a sterile needle and syringe for every injection. In many jurisdictions, persons who inject drugs can access sterile needles and syringes through syringe services programs and through pharmacies without a prescription. However, a largely conservative population views these programs as a promotion of addict behavior. Do you agree with this sentiment? If yes, explain. If no, how can we change these views?

I have two questions based on the Genome of SARS-CoV-2. I would love to see your sources that you used as well, thanks! (I will leave a positive review.)

1. What proteins are encoded in the SARS-CoV-2 genome? What is the general function of each?

2. What are genomic hotspots? Considering COVID-19 is caused by a novel virus among humans, what process(es) might these areas of the genome be critical in enabling?