Question 1) Microscopy. Give realistic examples for (i) standard light microscopy, (ii)

immunofluorescence microscopy, and (iii) electron microscopy on how these three distinct forms of

microscopy can be used to examine biological questions in cell and molecular biology. Indicate

limitations for these techniques, including if living cells or tissue or fixed (dead) samples are involved,

what resolution is reasonably possible (smallest object that can be seen) and if special reagents such as

antibodies are needed.

Consider the ecosytem energy required for various foods in the human diet. Describe ways to conserve ecosystem energy by incorporating principles of energy flow between trophic levels.

During cellular respiration, what happens to the 6 carbons in glucose?

5. Explain how cell division is different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Also, compare the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

4. Discuss mitosis: Name all the stages of mitosis. Describe the main events that happen during each phase.

Bioinformatics:

What could be some of the reasons why your query sequence did not exactly match the sequence in the database (think of sampling, sequencing, and biological reasons).

How to draw a regulatory graph of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase with high ATP and low glucose, with axes labeled, 3 plots on the graph and labeled with given regulators and no regulator present, and plots the correct shape

.What is the mechanism of the lipase? How do you think the enzyme specifies the cleavage of the C-1 and C-3 fatty acids from TAG? (hydrophobic, stearic, hydrophilic or ... )

What are viruses composed of? How do they differ from cellular life? What is their basic life cycle? Describe lytic and lysogenic cycles in bacteriophages. What are three hypotheses about how viruses originated?

1. (i) Explain why it is important to assign individuals to species. (ii) What is a species concept? (iii) Name and formally define one species concept. (iv) Explain ONE of the weaknesses associated with the concept named in (iii). Critically discuss the question of what is a species. please explain in details and clear

2. (i) What is sudden speciation? Describe, using a specific example, the process of sudden speciation. (ii) What is ecological speciation? Describe, using a specific example, the process of ecological speciation. please explain in details and clear

3. The marine fauna on the Atlantic and Pacific sides of the Isthmus of Panama includes a broad range and large number of closely related species pairs. Name the model of speciation responsible for this pattern and explain its main features and how it differs from allopatric speciation by peripheral isolation. please explain in deep details and clear

In humans, the huntingtin gene is essential for nerve cells to function effectively. People with Huntington’s disease have 2 different copies of the huntingtin gene – one normal and one mutated. The mutated huntingtin gene (HD) is caused by an excess of codons (CAG) that code for the amino acid glutamine. The HD gene is responsible for deterioration of the nerve cells, which leads to loss of one’s ability to move, feel and think.

Can you design an RNAi drug that targets only the HD gene and not the normal huntingtin gene?

Compare and contrast cocaine with amphetamine in terms of how it’s consumed, its different uses, the effects it has on the user, and how it manipulates monoamine activity (is the manipulation agonistic or antagonistic?). What kind of long-term effects do stimulants have on the health of habitual users

ELISA Data Sheet

1) Please record the sample ID and the color present in each of the wells of your test strip (either blue or clear).

2) Which students are positive for the disease antigen?

3) Which classmate(s) appear to be the original source(s) of the disease (see the ELISA Tracking list)? Note that you should be able to narrow it down to two people.

4) If a sample showed a negative result, does this mean that the person does not have the disease? Why might someone have gotten a negative result when they really do have the disease?

5) If a sample showed a positive result, was the person in "direct" contact with one of the originally infected students (answer from question #3)? If they were not, what does this tell you about disease transmission in a population?

6) Why were the tests run in triplicate?

Compare and contrast physical dependence theories of addiction and positive incentive theories of addiction. Which one explain addiction better and why?