Sketch, photograph, and submit the schemes and submit the schemes of
(1) chromosomal non-disjunction in a meiosis and (2) fertilization
that would lead to the birth of a child with following genotypes;
indicate all involved genes and chromosomes in parents and the child
a. A Turner syndrome girl with hemophilia
b. A Klinefelter syndrome boy who is heterozygous for color-blindness 2. Respond to 2 of your peers' original posts by commenting on
accuracy and clarity, or suggest edits if you believe they are
needed.

Punnett Squares required

1 Discuss three ways in which mutations in genetics can be used in agriculture

2 Can genetics in agriculture be solely responsible for global food security?

Include reference and citation

(i) Describe the phenomenon of functional sequence variation using

antibodies that can bind to a range of different antigens. (ii) Explain the process of domain shuffling in

protein evolution and give an example of how this process can generate proteins with novel functio

Palapye Biotech Company has 10 scientists in the same lab with you. One of the co-workers who attended another unnamed University in the country got jealous about how technologically advanced you are and decided to get you fired by unscrupulous means. The production strain goes missing. Pheww! You were the last person to visit the collections storeroom as witnessed by the collections storeroom logbook. You are then entrusted to do the investigation of the theft of the company´s novel production strain. During the investigation you acquire the following evidence; • A spot of blood on the corners of the tables in the store room suggesting that the suspect probably got injured in the haste ordeal • Hair follicles • Used gloves worn probably by the suspect to get the samples from the freezer vii. Your advisor suggests that you can use your molecular biology skills to identify the suspect, by using the serological tests. How will you argue (progressively) that the technology will not resolve the issue (2).

24. Put the following events in chronological order (oldest to most recent):

(1) Gorilla and Pan share a common ancestor.

(2) Homo and Pan share a common ancestor.

(3) hominins become bipedal.

(4) the onset of the Pleistocene epoch

a.   1,3,2,4

b.   1,2,3,4

c.    2,1,3,4

d.    2,1,4,3

e.   None of the above.

What are some of ways that allow coral reef and antarctic reef fishes to maintain a similar "pace of life"?

We talked about HLA genes in autoimmune diseases. However, HLA typing is also important in immunity with respect to organ and blood matching. Discuss the genetics of HLA typing. If genetic matches are best found among close relatives, how is it possible that matches for organs can be found in unrelated individuals?

Describe (i) how the process of molecular evolution generates protein

families, and (ii) how the amino acid sequence alignments based on sequence similarities for such

members of a protein family can be used to identify conserved regions of a protein and construct a

phylogenetic tree of such members of a protein family. (iii) Will amino acids at the active site of an

enzyme tend to be conserved in a protein family? Why?

A genetic defect in coagulation factor IX causes hemophilia b, a disease characterized by a tendency to bleed profusely after very minor trauma. However, a genetic defect in coagulation factor XI has only mild clinical symptoms. Explain this discrepancy in terms of the mechanism for activation of coagulation protease.

What is it about protein enzymes that confers upon them their specificity?

Farmers and foresters often inoculate seeds with fungal spores to promote plant growth and development. Based on what you have learned about fungi and plant nutrition, explain the rationales behind the seed treatment.

1. A ship carrying 2,000 passengers sets sail for an island with a population of 23,000. Both of these populations consist of an equal number of males and females.

21 male passengers on the ship have an X-linked recessive condition. 15 of the male island inhabitants have the same condition, and no females on the ship or the island show the phenotype.

1. The ship docks, and a woman from the island falls pregnant to an unaffected man from the ship. What are the chances their first son will be affected with the condition?

2. An affected man from the island and a woman from the ship have a girl. What is the daughter’s chance of being a carrier?

3. What is the daughter’s chance of being affected?

Please do not forget to write down all the names of your group members.

1. Please propose the mechanism for α−β C-C bond cleavage of G6P. Draw the mechanism clearly, give the structures of the product, and then explain why steps 2 and 3 of glycolysis are necessary.

2. If glucose is labeled at C1 carbon (the C1 carbon is tagged with radioactive 14C), where would this labeled C atom be (which carbon atom number, draw the structure and label this carbon atom) when glucose has been metabolized to:

A. DHAP

B. GAP (you should be able to figure which carbon atom is the original C1 if you draw the mechanism of step 5)

C. After the reaction with G6PD enzyme (first step in pentose phosphate pathway)

D. After the oxidative decarboxylation step in PPP

E. How many % of the total pyruvate produced via glycolysis will carry this label?

3. A. What would be the fate of glucose in cells that need ATP, but not NADPH and R5P?

B. How about cells that need a lot of NADPH, but not R5P?

C. Finally, what would be the fate of glucose if the cells need a lot of R5P, but not NADPH?

Here are some hints to help you answer Q3.

1) Remember that the reactions in PPP (with the exception of the 3 in oxidative phase) are FULLY reversible.

2) Remember that glycolysis and PPP are linked by the common metabolites: F6P and GAP.

3) Although the stoichiometry of the reactions shown in class is different: glycolysis starts from 1 glucose molecule and PPP needs 3 G6P. In reality, our cells will always have more than 1 glucose molecule. 180 g of glucose (4.5 cans of soft drink) is 6.022 x 1023 molecules of glucose. Bottom line: to answer Q3, please do not worry about stoichiometry and whether there is enough glucose in the cells or not. There is truly plenty of glucose to go to any pathways as needed.

UPDATE: Question 2 refers to question 1