Genetic analysis has shown that three recessive genes d (dwarf), e (enlarged trunk) and f (fine leaf) are all found on chromosome #1 of apple. When a plant that was heterozygous for each of these markers was testcrossed, the following 1000 progenies were obtained:

wild type- 130 (+++)

fine leaf- 19 (++f)

enlarged trunk- 2 (+e+)

enlarged trunk, fine leaf – 350 (+ef)

dwarf -362 (d++)

dwarf, fine leaf -1 (d+f)

dwarf, enlarged trunk -16 (de+)

dwarf, enlarged trunk, fine leaf- 120 (def)

a) Determine the central gene.

b) Calculate recombination frequencies between each of these three pairs of genes.

c) Draw a genetic map for the location of these 3 genes on chromosome #1 of apple. Show the map distances (cM or m.u.) between each loci.

d) Determine the interference among crossover events within the region of the chromosome containing the three genes.

CONCLUSIONS: What inputs are required for photosynthesis to produce oxygen and glucose?

CONCLUSIONS: A student replicates all the variables of the first experiment, except she puts the plant in a sealed jar without oxygen but with carbon dioxide. How do you think that would affect her results?

CONCLUSIONS: Based on the molecules involved in photosynthesis, what do you think would happen to the rate of photosynthesis if the carbon dioxide level in the plant light box was increased?

CONCLUSIONS: Based on your results from these experiments, explain why aquatic plants are only found relatively close to the ocean surface.

CONCLUSIONS: If the light intensity could be increased beyond the value of 5 without limit, what do you think would happen to the rate of photosynthesis? Why?

1) Discuss the difference between the role of the cuticle in the nematode and the earthworm.

2) What is the advantage of segmentation?

3) Adaptive radiation has resulted in high morphological diversity amongst the phylum Annelida. Feeding adaptations show great variation. Discuss this statement giving at least three examples of different feeding methods found within this phylum

4) The term the “Good, the Bad and the Ugly” has often been applied to the phylum Nematoda.   Give an example of a genus within this phylum that would match each of the above terms. Briefly, explain why you selected this Genus.  

Write an impact statement on water resources and how to solve the worlds issue with not having enough drinkable water world wide

1. Which of the statements are true about the cellular processes that occur during specific phases of the cell cycle in somatic cells? Select all that apply.
   1. During S phase, there is synthesis of cell components required for mitosis.
   2. During S phase, there is expression of proteins and enzymes required for DNA replication.
   3. During cytokinesis, separation of the cytoplasm forms two genetically identical daughter cells.
   4. During the second gap phase, there is separation of replicated chromosomes so that each daughter cell gets the same complement of chromosomes.
   5. During the first gap phase, there is increasing expression of cyclin genes if conditions favor cell division.
      

31. Why does meiosis result in more genetic variation than can be explained by mutation alone?

35. A chemical is added to cells growing in a culture dish. This chemical blocks the completion of DNA replication. In what stage of the cell cycle will the cells be stuck?

36. In diploid organisms, having two homologues of each chromosome can be beneficial if one allele of a gene encodes a nonfunctional protein. Can haploid organisms survive having nonfunctional alleles? Explain your answer.

37. What would be the result if a cell completed interphase and mitosis but failed to complete cytokinesis—how many cells would there be at that point, and how many chromosomes would those cells have in comparison to the parent cell?

38. Describe at least two major differences between mitosis and meiosis.

The Krebs Cycle will transform a [substrate] molecule into 3 [products]

What is the function of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

When oxygen (O2) accepts electrons in aerobic respiration, it is converted to _________

What happens to the electron's energy as it moves through the electron transport chain?

NADH is recycled back into NAD+ in which of the following phases of aerobic cellular respiration ?

"Oxidative" phosphorylation occurs in the _____ and most directly oxidizes _____

In eukaryotes, during oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of ATP occurs in the _________ by way of a Proton gradient (pH gradient) that is generated by__________

In prokaryotes, during oxidative phosphorylation, synthesis of ATP occurs in the _________ by way of a Proton gradient (pH gradient) that is generated by__________

Fermentation is the process by which cells generate ATP when _________

During strenuous exercise muscle cells quickly run out of oxygen and...

What sorts of adjustments would P. aeruginosa have to make in adapting successfully to the human lung?

1. Align human cardiac and skeletal isoforms of human myosin-binding protein C. Show alignment. Where these isoforms differ most of all from each other?

2. Predict secondary structure of the region where isoforms are most different. Do you think if it is disordered region or if it has compact tertiary structure?

Answer the following questions in your post:

1. Do you know anyone who has had their DNA analyzed by 23andMe, Ancestry or another company?    How did they feel about it? explain why you think people are motivated to pay to have their DNA analyzed. After listening to the podcasts, would you be interested in testing your DNA? Why or why not?
2. Explain two distinct criticisms of DTC testing as discussed by the experts in the podcasts.   Pick the ones you think are the most important or interesting and pick one from each podcast. Be specific and detailed. Provide the name and criticism of the discussant for each critique you choose. What made you choose these criticisms? Do you agree or disagree with the argument made by the discussant?
3. Identify an important piece of information about the science behind DTC genetic testing that you feel could have been added to or emphasized more in my lecture. How did this information help you to better understand personal genomics? Why do you think it was important and how should be added to (or expanded) in that lecture?

What is Western blot used for? Describe how you would perform a Western blot, starting from the sample preparation step to the final analysis.

ATP is required for both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation. Explain how ATP is used for contraction and how ATP is used for relaxation.

Prior to 1800 in England, the typical moth of the species Biston betularia(peppered moth) had a light pattern. Dark colored moths were rare. By the late 19th century, the light-colored moths were rare, and the moths with dark patterns were abundant.

The cause of this change was hypothesized to be selective predation by birds (JW Tutt, 1896). During the industrial revolution, soot and other wastes from industrial processes killed tree lichens and darkened tree trunks. Thus, prior to the pollution of the industrial revolution, dark moths stood out on light-colored trees and were vulnerable to predators. With the rise of pollution, however, the coloring of moths vulnerable to predators changed to light.

In the late 1900s, England cleaned up its air, and pollution decreased. The bark of trees went from dark to light.

Which of the following outcomes to the populations of peppered moth would you expect given this environmental change?

What is cellular signal transduction? Explain the general principles and features of signal transduction.

What are lipoproteins? Describe their structural features and explain how different classes of lipoproteins are transported in the body.