27. Which of the following statements is not true concerning protein folding? a. Proteins fold around a hydrophobic core b. The interior of proteins is held together exclusively by hydrophobic interactions c. The amino acid sequence of a protein is responsible for determining the shape of a protein d. The active conformation of a protein is it most thermodynamically favorable state e. none of the above
In: Biology
Discuss the general measures taken by the innate and adaptive immune cells in response to a virus.
What are type III hypersensitivities, and how are they induced; additionally, why are they the hardest to diagnose in a patient
In: Biology
What type of diagnostic method do you think would be most suited to determining if a bacterium causing a human infection was lysogenized by a bacteriophage that contains a virulence gene?
In: Biology
In: Biology
How DNA replication takes place?
How do you explain the link between this process and biopsychology?
In your opinion, what is the role of DNA replication in personality development?
How does epigenetics explain the role of the environment on human genetic development?
In: Biology
1. Renin is released from the
a. macula densa cells
b. juxtaglomerular cells
c. hepatic cells
d. none of the above
2. JG cells are located in which of the following locations?
a. DCT
b. efferent arterioles
c. afferent arterioles
d. proximal tubules
3. When blood pressure decreases
a. renin release is decreased
b. renin release is increased
c. ACE activity is decreased
d. none of the above
4. When angiotensin II increases, the radius of the efferent
arteriole
a. decreases
b. increases
c. does not change
d. There is no relationship between the radius of the
arteriole and angiotensin II levels
5. Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
a. increases GFR
b. decreases GFR
c. decreases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
d. none of the above
6. Ang I has how many amino acids?
a. 10
b. 8
c. 14
d. 12
7. The lungs contain which of the following enzymes?
a. ACE Inhibitor
b. ACE
c. renin
d. none of the above
8. Angiotensin 2is a secondary secretagogue for the release of which of the following hormones?
a. thyroxine
b. aldosterone
c. ACTH
d. none of the above
9. Aldosterone
a. increases sodium reabsorption
b. decreases water reabsorption
c. decreases blood pressure
d. increases hematocrit
10. Which of the following hormone is lipid-soluble?
a. insulin
b. aldosterone
c. ACTH
d. PTH
In: Biology
QUESTION 14
In a cross between AaBb x AaBb, roughly 50% of the offspring show the recessive phenotype and 50% show the dominant phenotype. This indicates that:
|
crossing over has occurred |
||
|
dominance is incomplete |
||
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the two genes are on the same chromosome |
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|
homozygous recessive is lethal |
QUESTION 15
A man with hemophilia marries a woman who is normal and not a carrier. Hemophilia is a recessive X-linked allele. Which of the following is true?
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None of the children will be carriers |
||
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All of the boys will have the disease |
||
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All of the girls will have the disease |
||
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All of the girls will be carriers |
QUESTION 16
An organism with 72 chromosomes in the G1 phase of meiosis will have how many chromosomes per gamete?
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18 |
||
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36 |
||
|
9 |
||
|
72 |
QUESTION 18
A farmer plants 1000 seeds of corn. The offspring were 544 tall with yellow seeds, 188 tall with green seeds, 183 short with yellow seeds and 64 short with green seeds. What were the genotypes of the parents?
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Ttyy x TtYy |
||
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TTYY x ttyy |
||
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TtYy x TtYy |
||
|
TtYy x ttyy |
In: Biology
How do you interpret what happens to the brain when brain damage takes place? What symptoms, either biological or psychological, help a clinician create a clinical picture for a particular patient?
In: Biology
Question 24
What is the fate of lactate following exercise cessation?
|
Rapid removal in urine since lactic acid is harmful to the body |
|||||||||||
|
Converted to glucose/glycogen by the Cori cycle |
|||||||||||
|
Rapid lactate detoxification by the liver Question 24 What is the fate of lactate following exercise cessation?
|
Question 30
Which of the following will decrease the most—as a percentage of its resting concentration--during an all-out 100-meter dash (lasting about 10 seconds)?
|
A. |
Blood glucose concentration |
|
|
B. |
Muscle glycogen concentration |
|
|
C. |
Muscle ATP concentration |
|
|
D. |
Muscle CP concentration |
Question 31
What would the effects of a month long high-protein, high-fat diet, low carbohydrate diet be on athletic performance during a marathon? Assume that the person will run the majority of the marathon at >80% VO2peak and will likely run the last few miles at 90% VO2peak:
|
A. |
Improve because you have now trained the body to oxidize fatty acids for prolonged periods of time |
|
|
B. |
Improved performance because it provides plenty of protein / amino acids for prolonged exercise which can be used for gluconeogenesis |
|
|
C. |
The subject will be glycogen depleted and performance will be worse |
|
|
D. |
No effect |
Question 32
A person accidentally ingests a substance that renders the mitochondrial electron transport chain non-functional. The following is true:
|
A. |
Nothing will change since NADH and FADH are produced during ß-oxidation and the Krebs cycle prior to entering the ETC |
|
|
B. |
The Kreb’s cycle will speed up to compensate |
|
|
C. |
The individual will switch to protein breakdown to meet ATP needs |
|
|
D. |
Cellular respiration will be severely compromised |
Question 33
You are training a 400-meter running athlete who states she is taking a supplement to increase the bioavailability and activity of phosphoglucoisomerase (a glycolysis pathway enzyme) to boost her race performance. What is the effect you expect?
|
A. |
Some improvement since the rate of anaerobic glycolysis will increase |
|
|
B. |
Worse performance because the levels of enzymes are finely tuned and the disequilibrium from the supplement will affect glycolytic activity |
|
|
C. |
No change |
|
|
D. |
Not enough information |
In: Biology
What is genetic drift? What happens to the alleles under this process? Can it be called evolution? How is it different from natural selection? Answer these problems in 3-4 sentences. You must provide a real example related to a bottleneck effect.
In: Biology
Even before the structure of DNA was solved, studies indicated that the genetic material must have the following properties:
• be able to store information;
• be faithfully replicated and be passed on from generation to generation; and
• allow for changes, and thus evolution, to occur.
1: Explain how the structure of the double helix showed that DNA had these properties. Write one or two sentences per point.
2:Linus Pauling's model was wrong because it didn't ?
3: he tried to build the structure with what information?
In: Biology
Catabolism and anabolism; three stages of catabolism
In: Biology
Conditional alleles are commonly used by geneticists to control when (temporal) and where (spatial) specific traits are expressed. In this question, you should outline a strategy utilizing the genetic tools that we have discussed during class. It might be simpler to draw a diagram of the engineered loci. Include all the components that are required for the experiment to be successful. (Tools: Cre-Lox and FLP-FRT recombination, forgot to previously list the tools)
A) What strategy could you use to switch off gene expression in liver cells?
B) Why is a conditional allele valuable for scientists when studying gene function?
C) What strategy could you use to switch on gene expression in liver cells in an adult mouse?
In: Biology
In: Biology
1. Explain the four types of cell signaling with some examples.
2. Explain the two classes of extracellular signal molecules and receptor types. Why does the receptor location differ? Include some examples for each class.
3. Explain how NO works.
4. Explain the general mechanism and function of intracellular signaling pathways.
5. Review molecular switches and the two classes which repeats earlier information on how protein activity can be regulated.
In: Biology