How does the redox potential relate to the affinity a molecule has for electrons? How does the redox potential explain the pathway electrons take through the electron transport chain?

What are the 3 conformations of the ATP synthase? How is ATP produced?

Describe the experiment by Hofman, Van Riswick, and Van Opsal (1998). What is an HRTF, i.e., how is it measured? Describe the changes in performance that occur with experience listening with ear molds. How do the data of Hoffman, van Riswick, and van Opsal demonstrate an individual can possess multiple simultaneous pinna transform functions (that relate pinna filtering to elevation)?

*No article was provided to me.

Describe the two binaural cues used by the auditory system to localize sounds in space. What aspects of the interaction of the sound with the listener lead to the existence of these two cues? What is the duplex theory of sound localization? How does the usefulness of these two cues change as a function of frequency? Is the duplex theory applicable to all types of stimuli? Cite an auditory ability that argues that interaural differences of time can be used when the spectrum of the sound (e.g., the frequencies at which it has energy) is confined to high frequencies. Describe the neurophysiological mechanisms for cells that are selective to different interaural differences of time in the medial superior olive. How does one predict sensitivity of units to interaural differences of time from monaural response properties? How are interaural differences of level extracted in the lateral superior olive?

In this second case you will modify the simulation to make it more realistic. In the natural environment, not all genotypes have the same rate of survival; that is, the environment might favor some genotypes while selecting against others. An example is the human condition sickle-cell anemia. It is a condition caused by a mutation on one allele, in which a homozygous recessive does not survive to reproduce. For this simulation you will assume that the homozygous recessive (ff) individuals never survive while heterozygous (Ff) and homozygous dominant (FF) individuals always survive.

Create a second data chart similar to Chart 2. Start again with your initial genotype and produce your "offspring" as in Case 1. This time, however, there is one important difference. Every time your offspring is ff it does not reproduce. Because we want to maintain a constant population size, the same two parents must try again until they produce two surviving offspring. Repeat the procedure 49 more times. In other words, every time you pull an ff combination, do not record it. Put it back and pull again.

Before you begin, make a prediction about what you expect to observe regarding this population's allele frequency over several generations. Record your hypothesis in your lab report.

Record your results as you did in Case Study 1. Replenish your bag according to the previous draw for the remainder of the four draws.

Now that you have collected data on your own, be sure to share with your partner(s) to compile within the lab report.

Chart 2 (example data chart)

How does the complement cascade link innate and adaptive immunity?

If excess water passes out from the tissue without being restored by the kidneys, the cells would

(a) burst open and die

(b) take water from the plasma

(c) not be affected at all

(d) shrivel and die.

Ascaris nematodes shed their eggs in the feces of their hosts (including pets, farm animals, and humans). Behavioral observations on humans suggest that young boys eat dirt more frequently than young girls. Additionally data on public sanitations indicate that some parts of the southeastern United States lack public sanitation, thus the people of the area simply urinate and defecate outside.

   Hypothesis

   Prediction:

Which one of the following is a protein deficiency disease?

(a) kwashiorkar

(b) night blindness

(c) eczema

(d) cirrhosis.

Enzymes are generally proteins. Proteins are sensitive to extreme changes in their environment and if they lose their structure, (are denatured), do not function properly anymore. The metabolism reactions that keep a human organism alive is driven and supported by countless enzymes. What then, is the risk of a person running a high fever for a prolonged period of time?

Briefly define the ecological concepts of productivity and diversity and explain two views of how these variables might be related to each other.

Compare and contrast spores and seeds as dispersal mechanisms for plants, including descriptions of each. What taxa of plants utilize each method of dispersal? What adaptive advantages do seeds possess?

Explain how the practice of biodiversity conservation can benefit from an understanding of (i)

the genetics of individuals within populations, (ii) the mechanisms of speciation, and (iii) the

major climatic changes of the past 65 million years. For each of (i), (ii) and (iii), give examples

to explain how and why knowledge in each area is important to conservation

Describe a model of prokaryotic gene regulation that was discussed in class, or a part of your readings for this semester. How are genes in this “model” turned on, turned off, or how the rate of transcription can be slowed down.

Which of the following is a difficulty in getting prokaryotic cells to express eukaryotic genes?
a. The signals that control gene expression are different for prokaryotes, thus requiring prokaryotic promoter regions to be added to the vector.
b. The genetic code differs because prokaryotes substitute the base uracil for thymine.
c. Prokaryotic cells do not recognize eukaryotic stop and start codons.
d. The ribosomes of prokaryotes are not large enough to handle long eukaryotic genes.

Describe the process of transcription and translation. In your answer include the major molecules involved in both the transcribing of genes and translation from nucleotide language to amino acid language. What are the major differences between transcription and translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?