Using basic principles of animal form and function, explain why it is not surprising that flightlessness is strongly associated with large body size in birds.

Auks, such as Razorbills and Murres, are birds that breed in the cold latitudes of the northern hemisphere. Auks tend to have a plumage that exhibit “countershading”, being dark on the top (dorsal) and white on the bottom (ventral). We find this color pattern repeated in many other organisms on Earth, such as sharks, zebras, and other birds. Physically, Auks have short rounded wings that they are able to use as flippers when pursuing prey underwater, they are “pursuit divers”. Most species of auk are also able to fly, but the largest species, the Great Auk, was flightless. Auks are related to gulls (order Charadriiformes). In the colder latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere we find Penguins. Penguins share many of the physical and behavioral characteristics that Auks possess, such as counter-shading, short, flipper-like wings used in pursuit diving. Penguin species tend to be larger than auks, and none are able to fly. Penguins are related to petrels (Order Procellariiformes). Considering other orders of birds, note that flightlessness is strongly associated with large body size (Ostriches, Kiwis, Dodos). Discuss why organisms, such as auks and penguins, that are unrelated and occupy completely different ranges on the planet, can be so similar in structure and behavior.

Salmonella bacteria can cause two different types of disease. What is the disease called that is accolated with ingestion of salmonella from water of food, and where he results often a systemic infection? Describe methods that can clarify weather salmonella isolates from a given food suspected of being a source of outbreak are identical to salmonella from patients who have become ill as a consequence of the outbreak

describe some reasons why raw minced and aerobically stored meat spoils faster than 1) cut, raw pieces of meat stored anaerobically. In which of the three products do lactic acid bacteria not play a role as spoilers

pathogenic bacteria present in e.g a blood sample can be identified by culture independent methods. Describe these methods within each of these categories

What is phage therapy e.g in the fight against diseases

Sympathetic nervous system induces

(a) secretion of digestive juices

(b) heart beat

(c) secretion of saliva

(d) all of these.

The vagus nerve is the cranial nerve numbering

(a) 7

(b) 5

(c) 10

(d) 9.

Koch’s postulates are not applicable to

(a) diptheria

(b) cholera

(c) TB

(d) leprosy.

Evolution

You work for a forestry department. Your colleague asks your opinion of a proposal to use artificial selection to breed a population of lodgepole pines that are resistant to the mountain pine beetle. They have managed to clone a large number of seedling lodgepole pines all from a single parent. They want to take those clones that are most resistant to the mountain pine beetle and breed those together and then use this next generation to replant in a national park. Will this proposal work? Briefly justify your answer

1. When an allele becomes more common in a species, what changes?

2. Which word describes what happens when different populations of the same species develop different allele frequencies?

3. What is a biological race?

The ‘blue baby’ syndrome results from

(a) excess of TDS (total dissolved solids)

(b) excess of chloride

(c) methaemoglobin

(d) excess of dissolved oxygen

Which of the following will be curable in next two decades?

(a) tuberculosis

(b) cancer

(c) poliomyelitis

(d) none of these.

What property of cancer cells do chemotherapeutic agents attempt to exploit?

Explain the evolution of drug resistant bacteria using MRSA as an example.