Assuming 2 ATP per NADH and 1 ATP per FADH, how many moles of ATP can be generated in E. coli cell when one mole of arachidonic acid (20:4) is completely oxidized during beta-oxidation? Assume only FADH is produced during beta-oxidation.

a. 93 ATP/mole 20:4

b. 94 ATP/mole 20:4

c. 95 ATP/mole 20:4

d. 96 ATP/mole 20:4

e. 97 ATP/mole 20:4

f. 98 ATP/mole 20:4

. Gradualism is an important assumption of evolutionary theory.

A. A complex structure like the eye would be unlikely to emerge from a single large-scale mutation. How does gradualism help evolutionists address the evolution of complex adaptations, such as the eye?

B. How do ring species support a gradualist model of speciation? Explain.

2. Use the comparative method to answer the following questions about selection and adaptation, discussed Chapter 8.

A. What are convergent evolution and divergent evolution?

B. Why would selection ever delete a trait after having built it? Explain how cave-dwelling species lost the eyes that had evolved in their ancestors.

C. Why are disabling mutations in an olfactory receptor gene more likely to be “tolerated” by selection in a species with full trichromatic vision than in species without it?

D. Do you see parallels between increased loss of olfactory genes in species with trichromatic vision and the evolution of eyelessness in cave-dwelling species? Explain.

3. Altruistic traits, by definition, harm the individual manifesting the trait and help others.

A. What does Hamilton’s Rule say about the conditions under which kin selection should favor altruism?

B. In the woodpecker nest-helper example from class, explain how it can be in the evolutionary interests of a young bird to help their mother or sister breed when there are not enough nest holes to breed on their own.

C. Even when there are nest holes available, young birds sometimes help their mothers breed instead. How do “Selfish Genes” explain the evolution of behavior that is not in the interests of the individual (not facultative altruism).

D. In the case of reciprocal altruism, explain how reciprocity can maintain altruism even without close genetic relatedness.

What is/are the energy source(s) utilized by primary producers in the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor?

(a) light

(b) sulfur compounds

(c) organic molecules

(d) carbon dioxide

Which type of protein is very important in all of the following: skin, bone, cartilage, and basal lamina? A. Elastin B. Collagen C. Proteoglycan D. Laminin E. None of the above

Which mutation would be more severe? A. Glycine to alanine B. Glycine to arginine

Interactions between cells and the ECM regulate: A. Cell polarity B. Cell growth C. Cell differentiation D. Cell motility E. All of the above!

Please assist me with this question regarding the case of "Community Blood Center of the Carolinas: Donations, Donations, Donations."

Complete and Answer the following questions:

• Complete a traditional SWOT analysis for the situation
• Who is the decision maker in this case?
• What appears to be the problem and its significance?
• Why has the issue arisen and why is the decision maker involved now?

Make sure that you include an introduction and conclusion to your post.

You are studying a plant that requires a period of cold treatment before it will flower. You subject a plant to cold treatment, return it to temperatures favorable for growth, and then compare the chromatin state of the DNA taken from:

(1) meristem cells from a shoot that originated before the cold treatment;

(2) meristem cells from a shoot that developed after the cold treatment;

(3) ovule egg cells from a flower on stem 1;

(4) seeds from a flower on stem 2.

You find that the chromatin states are the same within but differ between which two groups?

1.Consider strata I. What can geologists infer based on the position of strata I in relation to the surrounding strata?

Strata I was deposited during the time when strata A was the top most layer of soil

Strata I was deposited after strata G.

Strata I was deposited after a hole was dug in the soil

All of these

2.We discussed several primate hypotheses. Which of the following is NOT a hypothesis explaining why primates evolved?

Visual Predating Hypothesis

Adaptive Hypothesis

Arboreal Hypothesis

Angiosperm Co-evolution Hypothesis

3.

I found a primate skull on a dig this summer. It has an eye socket enclosed by a bony plate. The primate does have a prehensile tail. It has a dental formula of 2-1-3-3. It has a canine honing complex. Based on these features, this primate can be classified as a member of the group…

Platyrrhine

Tarsiforme

Strepsirrhine

Catarrhine

4.

What is one difference between radiocarbon dating and potassium-argon dating?

Radiocarbon dating is used for organic materials while potassium-argon dating is used for rocks

Potassium-argon dating is based on calculations of the half-life of carbon compounds in rock

Radiocarbon dating only dates organic materials older than 200,000 years

Radiocarbon dating is based on calculations of the half-life of carbon compounds in rock

5.

Plesiadapiformes are our suspected primate ancestors but they are not true primates. Palaeontologists consider which of the following the first true primates?

Euprimates

Parapithecus

Tarsiers

Aegyptipithecus

1. Using the following mRNA sequence, AUG GUG CCA UUC AAU AUG UGG provide a definition and an example of each of the following mutations: silent, nonsense, missense, and frameshift mutation. please explain using the sequence for me to understand.

1. List positive and negative effectors for oxygen binding to hemoglobin.
2. explain cooperative binding using hemoglobin as an example.
3. Correlate the NCI involved in stabilizing Hb’s and Mb’s structures.

please answer all

How does the Biodiversity of the ecosystem affect plants and animals

1. Incubation period refers to the time between the start of an infection and the beginning of the period of communicability.

True

False

2. The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease.

True

False

3. The term generation time relates to the time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the maximal communicability of the host.

True

False

4. A line list is (check all that apply)

A. a graph

B. a list with sign and symptoms

C. a list with patients' demographics

D. a list with dates of onset

5. What type of information would you collect in a questionnaire while investigating an outbreak? (check all that apply)

A. demographic information   

B. clinical information

C. risk factors

D. height/weight

E. lab results

6. The most common variables collected in line lists are: (check all that apply)

A. food menu

B. demographic information

C. signs and symptoms

D. physician information (i.e. phone number, address)

E. Lab results

7. A case definition should include the following components: (check all that apply)

A. Signs and symptoms

B. Exposure or risk factor

C. Information about the persons (i.e. women ages 65 and over)

D. Information about time (i.e.persons with onset of illness within the past week)

E. information about place (e.g. employees of a particular plant)

8. Which are the most common ways that a local health department uncovers outbreaks? (Check all that apply)

A. Performing descriptive analysis of surveillance data each week.

B. Performing time series analysis to detect deviations from expected values based on the previous few weeks and comparable periods during the previous few years.

C. Receiving calls from affected residents

D. Reviewing all case reports received each week to detect common features

E. Receiving calls from healthcare providers

a) A poor population of human beings in Egypt lives of a low-calorie vegetarian diet, yet they do not suffer from a lack of proteins or a lack of vitamins.

How do you explain this from a nutritional perspective?

b) a study about a group of 65-70 year old males in Japan, who live off a traditional Japanese diet, rich in fish, found that surprisingly few of these suffer from heart and circulatory disease, when compared to a similar group of Europeans.

How do you explain this, from a nutritional perspective?

NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehydrogenase from Thermoproteus tenax.

1. Name the three enzymes that catalyze irreversible, regulated reactions in glycolysis as studied in class.

2. What is the significance of the GAPDH reaction in E. coli to glycolysis?

3. How does the reaction catalyzed by GAPDH from T. tenax presented here differ from the reaction carried out in E. coli?

4. The activity of the GAPDH enzyme was assayed in the presence of a constant amount of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and an increasing amount of NAD . The activity of the control was + compared to the activity in the presence of various metabolites. The results are shown in Figure 20.2. Additional data are given in Table 20.2.

a. Use the data in Figure 20.2 to estimate a KM value for the enzyme in the presence of these metabolites. Classify the metabolites listed in Table 20.2 as inhibitors or activators. Fill in your answers in the table provided. Explain how you decided whether these metabolites are inhibitors or activators, based on the graph.

b. How would you classify NADH, ADP and ATP? (These data are not presented in the graph). Are they inhibitors or activators? Add this information to Table 20.2.

c. Explain the physiological significance of your answers to questions 4a and 4b. NAD+ -dependent Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + Dehyd

5. In the absence of NADP+, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH showed no cooperative binding (closed circles, Figure 2 above). In the presence of NADP however, the binding of NAD+ to the T. tenax GAPDH was found to have a Hill coefficient of 2 (open circles, Figure 2 above).

a) What is the significance of the change in the value of the Hill coefficient?

b) Is this consistent with the shape of the curve and the information given in the background concerning the enzyme's quaternary structure?

6. What is the ATP yield for one mole of glucose oxidized by the pathway that uses the non-phosphorylating GAPDH enzyme?