Compare AND constrast the enzyme ATP synthase in plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria. (Be sure to include function, structure and location) 10 points.

Question 12.5 pts

Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses?

Group of answer choices

because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses

because they have a control group

because we believe in them more

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Question 22.5 pts

Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

Group of answer choices

molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems

biosphere, atoms, communities, organisms

organs, organ systems, organelles, organisms

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Question 32.5 pts

What is the main purpose of conducting experiments?

Group of answer choices

making initial observations

proving a theory

disproving a hypothesis

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Question 42.5 pts

A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds’ song changes?

Group of answer choices

The scientist is mistaken and the songs do not change.

The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator.

The bird species has a variety of songs that it sings, regardless of what is happening in its environment.

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Question 52.5 pts

A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic’s ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design?

Group of answer choices

He is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new antibiotic.

He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.

Nothing is missing—he has done everything he needs to do for this to be a successful experiment.

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Question 62.5 pts

Which one of these levels of biological organization included all others in the list.

Group of answer choices

cell

tissue

molecule

organ

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Question 72.5 pts

To which of the three domains of life do human beings belong to?

Group of answer choices

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

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Question 82.5 pts

A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature’s body is bilaterally symmetrical and consequently satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories?

Group of answer choices

order

growth and development

none, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life

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Question 92.5 pts

A scientist wants to determine whether a new chemical she isolated can cure a certain disease. To test her hypothesis that the new chemical cures the disease more effectively than current treatments, she infects mice with the disease and gives them the new chemical. She then assesses how many mice were cured of the disease. What is missing from her experimental design?

Group of answer choices

She is not missing anything—her experimental design is adequate to test her hypothesis.

She is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new chemical.

She is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new chemical.

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Question 102.5 pts

The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks?

Group of answer choices

conducting experiments

making initial observations

proposing a theory

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Question 112.5 pts

The chemical bond between amino acids is called a _______ bond.

Group of answer choices

phosphodiester

peptide

hydrogen

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Question 122.5 pts

Water molecules have one oxygen atom that is more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms bound to it. As a result, which type of bonding holds water molecules together?

Group of answer choices

non-polar covalent bonding

polar covalent bonding

ionic bonding

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Question 132.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

Group of answer choices

sugar

phosphate

fatty acid

nitrogenous base

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Question 142.5 pts

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain are said to have a ______ structure.

Group of answer choices

secondary

primary

tertiary

quaternary

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Question 152.5 pts

Explain why cooked egg white never turns back into the clear egg white seen in a raw egg.

Group of answer choices

because the denaturing of the egg proteins is not reversible

because the protein is denatured in cooked egg white

because the protein is denatured in raw egg white

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Question 162.5 pts

Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as:

Group of answer choices

ions

elements

molecules

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Question 172.5 pts

Why are humans unable to digest cellulose?

Group of answer choices

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

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Question 182.5 pts

What level of protein structure is associated the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet?

Group of answer choices

tertiary

quaternary

primary

secondary

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Question 192.5 pts

Fatty acids are a component of what type of macromolecule?

Group of answer choices

lipids

nucleic acids

complex carbohydrates

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Question 202.5 pts

The “backbones” of the macromolecules of life made of what element?

Group of answer choices

oxygen

carbon

nitrogen

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Question 212.5 pts

Which choice is not classified as a eukaryote

Group of answer choices

plant

protist

fungus

bacteria

animal

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Question 222.5 pts

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use ______________ to distinguish the individual components of cells.

Group of answer choices

radioactive

special stains

a beam of electrons

high temperatures

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Question 232.5 pts

Which of the following is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Group of answer choices

ribosome

mitochondrion

vacuole

nucleus

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Question 242.5 pts

Inside which organelle are secreted proteins often usually synthesized?

Group of answer choices

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

nucleus

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Question 252.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

Group of answer choices

Golgi apparatus

lysosome

mitochondrion

endoplasmic reticulum

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Question 262.5 pts

A typical prokaryotic cell _________________ compared to a eukaryotic cell.

Group of answer choices

is smaller in size by a factor of 100

is smaller in size by a factor of one million

is similar in size

is larger in size by a factor of 10.

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Question 272.5 pts

Water moves via osmosis ______________.

Group of answer choices

throughout the cytoplasm

from an area with a high concentration of solutes to a lower one.

from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one

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Question 282.5 pts

Which of the following carbohydrates is used to store energy in animal cells?

Group of answer choices

glycogen

cellulose

starch

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Question 292.5 pts

Active transport must function continuously because _______.

Group of answer choices

cells must be in constant motion

diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction

facilitated diffusion opposes active transport

plasma membranes wear out.

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Question 302.5 pts

Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus?

Group of answer choices

scanning electron microscope

light microscope

transmission electron microscope

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Question 312.5 pts

What process make bread dough rise?

Group of answer choices

oxidative phosphorylation

fermentation

glycolysis

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Question 322.5 pts

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes begins in the _____________ but is completed in the ____________.

Group of answer choices

mitochondrion; cytoplasm

nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm; mitochondrion

Golgi body; nucleus

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Question 332.5 pts

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Group of answer choices

lactic acid fermentation

alcohol fermentation

propionic fermentation

mixed acid fermentation

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Question 342.5 pts

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?

Group of answer choices

They go to another pathway for ATP production.

They become part of a fermentation pathway.

They are converted into NADP.

They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle.

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Question 352.5 pts

Before the citric acid cycle begins a molecule of pyruvate is decarboxylated. This means that a molecule of _________ is removed from pyruvate to form acetyl Co A.

Group of answer choices

H₂O₂

H₂0

CO₂

H₂S

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Question 362.5 pts

This chemical reaction C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂-->6H₂ O + 6CO₂ is classified as a________________, and as a________________ reaction

Group of answer choices

catabolic

endergonic

exergonic

anabolic

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Question 372.5 pts

Enzymes change the free energy of the chemical reaction that they catalyze?

Group of answer choices

True

False

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Question 382.5 pts

Energy of motion, or energy doing work is called _______________ energy.

Group of answer choices

potential

kinetic

heat

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Question 392.5 pts

The following chemical reaction 6CO₂ + 6H₂O-->C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ may be described as

Group of answer choices

exergonic

catabolic

endergonic

anabolic

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Question 402.5 pts

The small amount of energy that is required for all chemical reactions to occur is called

Group of answer choices

kinetic energy

potential energy

activation energy

thermal energy

Please explain how the sequence of events that occurs when a codon that specifies an amino acid enters a ribosome's A site differs from the sequence of events that occurs when a stop codon enters a ribosome's A site.

Questions:

1. For a positive test result in Simmons Citrate media, explain why nitrogen metabolism is dependent on citrate metabolism.

2. Explain why nitrate metabolism is necessary for a positive result occurring and how a positive result is visualized.

10.Which base pairing is incorrect for DNA replication (not protein synthesis)

a. A-T

B. T-A

C. G-C

D. U-T

12.Cancer results from unchecked

a. Mitosis

b. Meiosis

c. Homeostasis

d. Complementarity

22. Which of the following is true about aerobic cellular respiration?

a. it occurs in both plant and animal cells

b. It is a catabolic reaction

c. Sugar ( in the presence of oxygen) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.

d. all of the above is true.

31. Which of the follwoing is true about the amino acid code?

a. the code is nearly universal

b. the code is redundant

c. the code had no redundancy

d. both a and b

32. what is the function of an operon?

a. promotes the expression of a gene

b. codes for the production of proteins

c. allows binding of suppressor proteins

d. none of the above

how does population size affect additive genetic variance and divergence of quantitative traits

Plant physiology

You have done a genetic screen for a mutant plant line (Arabidopsis of course!) that can not use glutamate as a nitrogen source. Describe one experiment you will do to provide proof that your mutant is defective in nitrogen assimilation. Be specific and thorough with your answer.

1.

-What physical phenomenon is MRI based on?

-What is the magnetic field gradient? Do we need this in MRI's?

-What is the effect of head motion on an fMRI signal?

-Why would BOLD fMRI signal increase after neuronal activation?

-What is the effect of neuronol activity in the fMRI voxel on its T2*?

What is the difference between EF-G independent and EF-G dependent translocation?  

a. Explain how eukaryotic chromosomes become shortened after each round of replication.

b. Why does this not happen in prokaryotes?

c. How does the cell attempt to remedy this problem

9.) Explain how the fatality rate is different across different age groups with COVID-19 (1 point).

10.) Explain why you think that there is a difference in these different age groups.

11.) List the symptoms of a mild case of COVID-19.

12.) List the symptoms of a severe case of COVID-19.

13.) What does the acronym A.R.D.S. stand for?

14.) Describe how A.R.D.S. develops in people with severe cases of COVID-19.

15.) Define R₀ as it pertains to a virus’s spread?

16.) How does the R₀ of COVID-19 compare with the R₀ of the seasonal flu and what does that indicate about how easily both of these viruses spread when comparing them to each other?          

17.) Describe the preventive measures that are currently being used to prevent the spread of this virus.

18.) What do you think that these measures will do to the spread of COVID-19 compared to if these measures were not put into place (thoroughly explain your answer based on what you learned from this video).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKpVMivbTfg (

1. What determines whether a gene allele is a risk-increasing versus a risk-decreasing allele?

2. What does it mean when we say that genetic factors influence what dose of a drug will be safest and most effective for you?

3. Imagine someone who has asthma has a direct-to-consumer test that tells him that he has risk- decreasing alleles for asthma in two of his relevant genes. How do you explain the fact that he has asthma, despite having two risk-decreasing alleles in relevant genes?

4. What does it mean to say you have a risk-increasing allele for cancer that has been reported to have 20% penetrance?

5. Why does the test that is used to determine whether a woman who has breast cancer should be prescribed Herceptin or not focus on analyzing the mRNA of the HER2 gene? What does that tell you that a DNA-level analysis would not tell you?

6. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the coding sequence of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein

7. Multiple choice—Just give me the letters of your choices—no need for explanation—there may be more than one correct answer. Give me all that are true.
Which of the following is true regarding the effects of mutations in the promoter region of a gene?

A. they sometimes change the level of activity that every individual molecule of the protein has B. they sometimes change the overall level of activity you have of that protein in your body
C. they sometimes change the rate at which the cell makes that protein