Photosynthesis Homework                                                             Name:_______________________

DIRECTIONS: Use Chapter 10 to help answer the questions and fill in the table below. Bring to class completed at the beginning of lecture.

1. Briefly describe the ‘big picture’ of what photosynthesis is all about. In your description, write out the chemical formula for photosynthesis and explain how each compound in the formula is related to the ‘big picture’.

2. Describe the specific purpose of the Light Capturing Reaction and the Calvin Cycle.

3. Fill in the descriptions of the table below.

Part I – Frustration

Ellie dropped her backpack beside the chair in Dr. Kern’s office and sat down with a sigh. Her hands trembled as she glanced again at the graded exm in her hand.

“It’s no better than the last one,” she mumbled. “I really, really tried this time, Dr. Kern. I did all the reading assignments before and again after class. I completed all of the study guide questions and rewrote my notes and made flash cards and studied with straight-A Cassie every week. But it didn’t make any difference. I still failed it.” She sniffled loudly and reached for the box of tissues on Dr. Kern’s desk.

Dr. Kern sat back and thought for a moment while Ellie made use of several tissues. Ellie was a junior in Dr. Kern’s physiology course and had struggled from the start of the semester. One-on-one help sessions and different study strategies hadn’t seemed to help. “I know how discouraged you must be, Ellie. Tell me again what you do when you sit down to study.”

“I read and review my class notes and reread the assigned sections in the book. But for some reason I can’t concentrate on much of anything for very long and, even when I can, I don’t remember what I’ve studied

by the next day. It’s so frustrating to spend so much time studying and not retain anything. If I fail this class, my GPA might drop enough that I’ll lose my scholarships. I’m so stressed that I can’t sleep, even when I try.”

Ellie broke off, and Dr. Kern gently tried to encourage her. “Let’s not give up hope yet. Sometimes you have to use new study methods for a while until you start to see some benefits. Let’s also take a look at your exam and see if there’s a pattern in the questions you missed.”

Ellie sniffled again. “OK, but I’m not very hopeful. I’ve been thinking about changing my major. All these upper-level courses seem so hard … there’s so much to learn in such a short time and I just don’t seem to get it even though everyone else does. I can’t stand the stress anymore.”

“Perhaps talking this over with your parents or a trusted friend would help,” Dr. Kern suggested. She noted Ellie’s strikingly large blue eyes that gave her a permanent look of surprise. Ellie was also quite thin, almost to the point of being too thin. Dr. Kern paused and chose her words with care. “I also know there are terrific folks over at the health center who are experts in how to deal with stress.”

Ellie gave a small, noncommittal smile and pushed a shaking hand through her hair. “Thanks, I’ll think about it. See you in class on Monday.”

However, Ellie didn’t come to class on Monday or Wednesday. She emailed Dr. Kern that she most likely had a sinus infection and would miss class on Friday to see a doctor. Dr. Kern shook her head at Ellie’s misfortune; missing a week of class was not going to make it any easier for Ellie to pull up her grade.

1. Note anything unusual about Ellie’s behavior or appearance.
2. What do you think might be going on with Ellie that could cause her difficulties? identify possible causes. Consider both physical and psychological cause.

Which of these best describes the gametophyte in the alternation of generations life cycle?

A. generation that produces the gametes

B. the diploid generation

C. generation that produces the spores

D. generation that has vascular tissue

E. uses meiosis within structures called sporangia

Plants have a/an _________ life cycle.

Which of these are gymnosperms?

In plants, the dominant generation is _________.

Problem 1. One of the consequences of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle.

1. Give a reason based on the products of ethanol metabolism and the electron transport chain for high energy charge in the cell
2. How would excess G6P concentration contribute to the reducing potential required for fatty acid synthesis?
3. How does acetate stimulate the rate of citrate formation based on enzyme kinetic?
4. How would the concentration of citrate in the mitochondria increase if the rate of isocitrate dehydrogenase rate were inhibited
5. What would inhibit the rate of isocitrate dehydrogenase if ethanol metabolism causes high-energy charge.

What are some density dependent and some density independent factors that could together determine the carrying capacity of a species? be sure in your answer your mark it clear which factors and density dependent and which are density independent.

Dr. Trudeau’s little experiment had a big impact on medical thinking at the time. His experiment offered a rationale for opening his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, which offered rich and poor alike a regimen of abundant nourishing food, lots of sunlight, plenty of rest, and as much fresh air as a person could tolerate. Hundreds were helped, and many similar establishments were opened. Perhaps the experiment was so successful because of the care with which Trudeau had designed its components. It is important to identify an interesting and potentially approachable question or set of questions before undertaking an experiment. But it is just as important to devise a clever experimental design. When we design an experiment, we choose the treatments that will be received and we control or manipulate them in appropriate ways. These treatments or manipulations are the independent variable(s). The observed or measurable differences in outcome for the treatment groups are the dependent variable(s). Suppose I want to know how much sunlight is needed to produce the sweetest oranges? Based on what I know about sunlight and photosynthesis, I hypothesize that the greater amount of sunlight an orange plant gets, the sweeter the juice of the orange. To investigate whether this is true, I might place one group of plants in the sun for 2 hours per day, another group for 4 hours per day, and nother group for 8 hours per day. At the end of the experiment, I could test for the amount of sugar in the juice of the oranges. The amount of time in the sun is the independent variable. The sugar in the juice is the dependent variable.

7. What is the dependent variable in the Rabbit Island Experiment? Also, list all of the independent variables you can think of in the experiment. (Hmm, maybe Dr. Trudeau’s experiment was not so simple after all!)

8. Often, scientists like to hold all conditions constant except one. Just varying one thing at a time makes it easier to analyze the results. Select any one of the independent variables you have listed above and design an experiment similar to Dr. Trudeau’s. State your experimental question, i.e., what are you trying to find out. Formulate a hypothesis. Then decide upon and write out a description of how you will manipulate your treatment groups (there needn’t be three; you could have two, or four—just design a good experiment!), and then imagine the possible outcomes, assuming survival is the dependent variable. Now generate two survival curves based on those imagined outcomes—one that supports your hypothesis and one that does not. Give possible percent survival rates for each experimental group under both outcomes.

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

Match the term or phrase with the correct Phylum (Division)

1.possess chlorophyll b

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

2. constructed of little "pill-boxes"

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

3.body structure has distinct organs

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

4. possess phycoerythrin

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

5.possess chlorophyll a

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

6.have cell walls

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

7. Siphonocladous body form

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

8.produce up to 50% of the atmospheric oxygen

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

9. possess floridean starch as a storage product

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

10.possess conceptacles at the receptacle tips

A. phaeophyta b.chrysophyta (Bacillariophyta) c.chlorophyta D.All phyla E.Rhodophyta

1. Define and give an example of the following terms: niche, mutation, mimicry, allopatric speciation, and sympatric speciation.
   
2. Identify the type of reproductive isolation in the following:
   1. When tigers and lions are bred in captivity they produce sterile offspring.
   2. A fish breeder fertilizes salmon eggs with trout milt. A few eggs hatch but are deformed.
   3. Some catfish spend most of their time feeding close to the shoreline of a lake. Others feed mostly in the deep water.
   4. One type of nymph reproduces every 18 years but shares a habitat with a smaller type of nymph that reproduces every 12 years.

3. In Ottawa, certain mice live on the east side of the Rideau Canal. The mice on the west side of the Rideau Canal show very different allele frequencies. Suggest possible mechanisms that could account for the difference.
   
4. The Panama Canal was completed in 1914. It is a human-made canal that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. How might the completion of this canal have affected the evolution of terrestrial species? Suggest how it may affect the speciation of marine organisms.
   
5. Research and discuss the difference between natural selection and artificial selection.
   
6. Discuss two species that humans have released into a new environment. What repercussions might happen to the environment and to the process of evolution?

You are studying a population of wild turtles on a remote Pacific island. You have been following the allelic frequencies at a single two-allele locus 'S', which controls embryonic survival through simple Mendelian inheritance with dominance. The population has been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at this locus for many generations.

At Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the recessive allele S^d is 0.88

The genotypic frequencies at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are as follows:

f(S^DS^D) = 0.0144

f(S^DS^d) = 0.2112

f(S^dS^d) = 0.7744

An increase in ocean temperature between 2018 and 2019 is thought to have driven the population away from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the S locus.

The numbers of sampled offspring by genotype after the 2019 hatch are as follows:

S^DS^D : 200

S^DS^d : 200

S^dS^d : 40

Calculate the relative fitness (W) values for each genotype (you will need all these values in a subsequent step).

a) The relative fitness value for the S^dS^d genotype is [A] (enter your answer as a decimal in the form '0.x'; do not spell out the number as a word; there are no units to include)

b) The type or form of natural selection that has occurred is [B] (use the specific phrase that describes this form of selection completely!).

Now, calculate all genotypic frequencies in the 2019 offspring (first generation after selection):

c) post-selection f(S^DS^D) = [C] (perform this and the following two calculations (d and e) to four significant figures after the decimal point; enter your answers in the exact form '0.wxyz'; make sure to round off correctly; there are no units)

d) post-selection f(S^DS^d) = [D]

e) post-selection f(S^dS^d) = [E]

f) The frequency of the S^d recessive allele in the 2019 offspring (first generation after selection) is [F] (perform the calculation with four significant figures, then round off to 2 significant figures in the final answer; enter your answer in the exact form '0.xy')

How many ATP equivalents are produced from the oxidation of 3 acetyl-CoAs? Hint: There are 2.5 ATP produced when two electrons are transferred from NADH to oxygen by the electron transport chain, and 1.5 ATP are produced when two electrons are transferred from FADH2 to oxygen by the electron transport chain.

At least 400 words. Our system will use turn it in to check the work, so please make sure to use your own words.

Please do not use handwriting, I always have trouble to read the handwriting.

Compare and contrast typhoid fever and salmonellosis.

In the fern, fertilization takes places when ________.

A. moisture is present

B. spores reach the eggs within the archegonia

C. sperm swim in external water to the antheridia

D. conditions are dry enough

E. an insects can provide pollination

what two groups produce seeds?

A. gymnosperms and angiosperms

B. bryophytes and ferns

C. bryophytes and gymnosperms

D. angiosperms and fern

E. angiosperms and bryophytes

Write a well composed paragraph using complete sentences that explains the structure of the cell membrane and then explains how it acts as a gatekeeper to the cell.