Briefly explain what, if any, aspects of Mayr's 5 theories of evolution are challenged by each of the following concepts: (a) Newman and Müller’s epigenetic mechanisms of character origination in which genetic evolution has more of a consolidating that innovating role, (b) genetic assimilation of an environmentally induced phenotype, (c) character variability as contrasted with character variation, (d) heterotopy, (e) heterochrony by neoteny, (f) homology thinking.

What is the Evolutionary Algorithm? (state it in one simple sentence). What are the three required components of any evolutionary system?

OK. So, this week we’re investigating the prokaryotic gene PPtrl, which codes for the Rbbl protein. You painstakingly derived a segment of the transcribed sequence of this gene, which is listed below.

a) What would be the mRNA sequence that corresponds with this segment?

b) OK. So, knowing what you do about this particular PPtrl gene, describe how the process of transcription initiation would go for this gene.

What is the benefit of a binomial naming system? How does our understanding of the relationships among organisms in the natural world benefit from using the Linnaean system? Why do all mammals share similar skeletal structures? ( I will give 5 stars) and don't plagiarize

Explain why the enzyme carbonyl phosphate synthetase can be considered the most important enzyme in the to the urea cycle?

What is the difference between a shrimp and crab zoea?

Discuss several reasons why growing a microorganism in a pure culture is valuable and what you would not be able to learn from studying a microorganism in pure culture.

In Drosophila, the dwarp mutation leads to flies with small bodies and warped wings, the rumpled mutation causes bristles to be deranged, the pallid mutation makes wings pale, while raven leads to dark eyes and bodies. Females heterozygous for all 4 genes are crossed to males from a true-breeding dwarp rumpled pallid raven stock. The 1000 progeny obtained were as follows:

            pallid                                       3

            pallid, raven                            428

            pallid, raven, rumpled             48

            pallid, rumpled                        23

            dwarp, raven                           22

            dwarp, raven, rumpled            2

            dwarp, rumpled                       427

            dwarp                                      47

Indicate the best map for these four genes and calculate interference values where appropriate.

When XxYyZz is test-crossed, out of a total of 718 offspring, we obtain the following numbers: XYZ 280 xyZ 30 XYz 50 XyZ 3 xYz 5 xYZ 42 Xyz 38 xyz 270 Total= 718 A. Which gene is in the middle? (2 points) B. Calculate map distances. Show your work! (4 points) C. Calculate crossover interference. Show your work! (4 points)

In eukaryotic cells certain organelles, like chloroplasts & mitochondria, have two membranes (an outer and inner membrane) with the inner membrane containing highly involuted or folded structures. What advantages are provided by having two membranes such as those described above? Your answer should focus on form and function seen in these organelles.

In a sample of 100 Hawaiians, it was found that 35, 20, and 45 individuals had blood groups MM, MN, and NN, respectively.

Calculate a) the allele frequencies and b) the expected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic frequencies, showing your work. c) How many individuals of each genotype are expected to occur in a population of 100 individuals if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? d) Is this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Explain why or why not.

The bending of the neural plate involves all of the following, except?

In the donor cell, discuss the DNA arrangements in F+, Hfr and F’ cells. This initial arrangement allows different things to be passed into the recipient cell – how do they differ/what gets passed?

• F+,

• Hfr

• F’