Describe the steps or features of wound healing that have counterparts in the development of a tumor. How does each feature contribute to tumor formation?

Identify and briefly describe the three stages of tumor development. Include a description of the types of factors that contribute to each stage.

a) Diagram and explain the biological carbon pump.

b) Diagram and eplain the microbial carbon pump.

You are performing a DNA extraction of Prochlorococcus. Your goal is to extract 300 ng of DNA. You inoculated a flask with 1,000 cells. In the growth conditions you are using for your experiment, the lag phase of Prochlorococcus is 1.5 days and u = 0.6 days ^-1.

a) On what day should you perform the DNA extraction? (Assume 1 cell has 0.005 ng of DNA) Show your work for full credit.

b)Alas, 3 days into the incubation process all of your cells have died! You have done this experimental procedure before and it has gone well, but this time something got in the way. Discuss two possible reasons your phytoplankton cells could have died.

c) You perform the experiment again but now that you’ve lost 3 days you want to speed up the process. You decide to inoculate with more cells this time. How many cells of Prochlorococcus would use as an inoculum such that you can perform the DNA extraction on day 5?

Developmental Biology class: Compare and Contrast Sex Determination in Mammals to that of Drosophila

The meat from whales has long been a delicacy in Japan and other nations. Whaling ships decimated populations of most species of whales in the 20th century through overhunting. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) – an international organization established in 1946 that monitors and governs the practice of whaling – outlawed commercial whaling worldwide beginning in 1986. But whale meat continues to be sold to wealthy consumers from legally-obtained sources, such as whales harvested for scientific research and whales captured accidentally by vessels fishing for other species (called “bycatch”).

However, conservation biologists long suspected that much of the whale meat on the market was actually caught illegally for the purpose of selling for food and that fleets from Japan and other nations were killing more whales than international law allowed. To see if this is the case, conservation geneticists C. Scott Baker, Stephen Palumbi, and Frank Cipriano embraced the use of genetic analysis tools to track the origin of whale meat in Asian markets.

what would be the observation, question , hypothesis, prediction, and test?

1. Are all prokaryotes harmful? Explain your answer.

2. In what types of environments are prokaryotes found?

3. List the types of symbiosis and explain how each population is affected.

4. How do you determine if bacteria are gram positive or gram negative?

Discuss the selective pressures operating in the late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene that favored the adaptive radiation of monkeys and contributed to decreased diversity among apes.

Name and describe, in your own words, the three hypotheses of primate origins.

400 words！

1. Briefly describe the technique of DNA profiling. What are the practical applications of this technique?

2. What characteristics do karyotypes display?

In Drosophila , a recessive autosomal allele, ebony (e) produces a black body colour when homozygous. Another recessive autosomal allele, black (b) also produces a black body colour when homozygous. Wild type flies are grey.  Flies with genotypes e/e b⁺/-, e⁺/- b/b, and e/e  b/b  show identical colour phenotype.

If e/e  b⁺/b⁺ ebony flies are crossed with e⁺/e⁺ b/b black flies  than;

c) What phenotypic ratios would be observed from the crosses F₁ x true-breeding ebony, and F₁ x true-breeding black?

d) What would be the effect on the F₂ if the F₁ were also heterozygous at a suppressor locus (su-e) that could reverse the effect of the ebony mutation in su-e homozygotes.

1. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are a type of immunotherapy that utilizes a fusion protein to hyperactivate the immune system and target cancer cells. Your PI wants you to generate a CAR T-cell against CD19, a marker for B-cell lymphoma. Before doing the protocol, your PI asks you the following questions to ensure you mechanistically understand what a CAR T-cell is:
   1. Briefly run through the process of genetically engineering CAR T-cells. (Schematics would be preferred.)
   2. Why would encoding a fusion protein into a T-cell be beneficial to create a CAR T-cell?
   3. What specifically do you need to encode in your viral vector to create this specific CAR T-cell?

SHOW ALL WORK PLEASE! Compare the amounts of ATP (per carbon) generated from β-oxidation of stearic acid (18:0) to the amount of ATP generated from glucose during cellular respiration.

Compare AND constrast the enzyme ATP synthase in plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria. (Be sure to include function, structure and location) 10 points.

Question 12.5 pts

Why are theories stronger and more reliable than hypotheses?

Group of answer choices

because they are based on many experimentally tested hypotheses

because they have a control group

because we believe in them more

Flag this Question

Question 22.5 pts

Which of the following lists correctly presents levels of organization from simplest to most complex?

Group of answer choices

molecules, cells, populations, ecosystems

biosphere, atoms, communities, organisms

organs, organ systems, organelles, organisms

Flag this Question

Question 32.5 pts

What is the main purpose of conducting experiments?

Group of answer choices

making initial observations

proving a theory

disproving a hypothesis

Flag this Question

Question 42.5 pts

A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds’ song changes?

Group of answer choices

The scientist is mistaken and the songs do not change.

The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator.

The bird species has a variety of songs that it sings, regardless of what is happening in its environment.

Flag this Question

Question 52.5 pts

A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic’s ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design?

Group of answer choices

He is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new antibiotic.

He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.

Nothing is missing—he has done everything he needs to do for this to be a successful experiment.

Flag this Question

Question 62.5 pts

Which one of these levels of biological organization included all others in the list.

Group of answer choices

cell

tissue

molecule

organ

Flag this Question

Question 72.5 pts

To which of the three domains of life do human beings belong to?

Group of answer choices

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Flag this Question

Question 82.5 pts

A scientist discovers a putative new life form and notes that the creature’s body is bilaterally symmetrical and consequently satisfies the criteria for defining life in which of the following categories?

Group of answer choices

order

growth and development

none, symmetry is not a basic characteristic of life

Flag this Question

Question 92.5 pts

A scientist wants to determine whether a new chemical she isolated can cure a certain disease. To test her hypothesis that the new chemical cures the disease more effectively than current treatments, she infects mice with the disease and gives them the new chemical. She then assesses how many mice were cured of the disease. What is missing from her experimental design?

Group of answer choices

She is not missing anything—her experimental design is adequate to test her hypothesis.

She is missing a control group of mice that received a half dose of the new chemical.

She is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new chemical.

Flag this Question

Question 102.5 pts

The attempt to disprove a hypothesis is accomplished by which of the following tasks?

Group of answer choices

conducting experiments

making initial observations

proposing a theory

Flag this Question

Question 112.5 pts

The chemical bond between amino acids is called a _______ bond.

Group of answer choices

phosphodiester

peptide

hydrogen

Flag this Question

Question 122.5 pts

Water molecules have one oxygen atom that is more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms bound to it. As a result, which type of bonding holds water molecules together?

Group of answer choices

non-polar covalent bonding

polar covalent bonding

ionic bonding

Flag this Question

Question 132.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of a nucleotide?

Group of answer choices

sugar

phosphate

fatty acid

nitrogenous base

Flag this Question

Question 142.5 pts

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain are said to have a ______ structure.

Group of answer choices

secondary

primary

tertiary

quaternary

Flag this Question

Question 152.5 pts

Explain why cooked egg white never turns back into the clear egg white seen in a raw egg.

Group of answer choices

because the denaturing of the egg proteins is not reversible

because the protein is denatured in cooked egg white

because the protein is denatured in raw egg white

Flag this Question

Question 162.5 pts

Atoms that gain or lose electrons are known as:

Group of answer choices

ions

elements

molecules

Flag this Question

Question 172.5 pts

Why are humans unable to digest cellulose?

Group of answer choices

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by β 1-4 glycosidic linkages.

Cellulose is made of glucose molecules connected by α 1-6 glycosidic linkages.

Flag this Question

Question 182.5 pts

What level of protein structure is associated the alpha helix and beta-pleated sheet?

Group of answer choices

tertiary

quaternary

primary

secondary

Flag this Question

Question 192.5 pts

Fatty acids are a component of what type of macromolecule?

Group of answer choices

lipids

nucleic acids

complex carbohydrates

Flag this Question

Question 202.5 pts

The “backbones” of the macromolecules of life made of what element?

Group of answer choices

oxygen

carbon

nitrogen

Flag this Question

Question 212.5 pts

Which choice is not classified as a eukaryote

Group of answer choices

plant

protist

fungus

bacteria

animal

Flag this Question

Question 222.5 pts

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use ______________ to distinguish the individual components of cells.

Group of answer choices

radioactive

special stains

a beam of electrons

high temperatures

Flag this Question

Question 232.5 pts

Which of the following is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Group of answer choices

ribosome

mitochondrion

vacuole

nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 242.5 pts

Inside which organelle are secreted proteins often usually synthesized?

Group of answer choices

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi body

nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 252.5 pts

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

Group of answer choices

Golgi apparatus

lysosome

mitochondrion

endoplasmic reticulum

Flag this Question

Question 262.5 pts

A typical prokaryotic cell _________________ compared to a eukaryotic cell.

Group of answer choices

is smaller in size by a factor of 100

is smaller in size by a factor of one million

is similar in size

is larger in size by a factor of 10.

Flag this Question

Question 272.5 pts

Water moves via osmosis ______________.

Group of answer choices

throughout the cytoplasm

from an area with a high concentration of solutes to a lower one.

from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentration

from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one

Flag this Question

Question 282.5 pts

Which of the following carbohydrates is used to store energy in animal cells?

Group of answer choices

glycogen

cellulose

starch

Flag this Question

Question 292.5 pts

Active transport must function continuously because _______.

Group of answer choices

cells must be in constant motion

diffusion is constantly moving the solutes in the other direction

facilitated diffusion opposes active transport

plasma membranes wear out.

Flag this Question

Question 302.5 pts

Which type of microscope can be used to view cellular organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus?

Group of answer choices

scanning electron microscope

light microscope

transmission electron microscope

Flag this Question

Question 312.5 pts

What process make bread dough rise?

Group of answer choices

oxidative phosphorylation

fermentation

glycolysis

Flag this Question

Question 322.5 pts

Cellular respiration in eukaryotes begins in the _____________ but is completed in the ____________.

Group of answer choices

mitochondrion; cytoplasm

nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

cytoplasm; mitochondrion

Golgi body; nucleus

Flag this Question

Question 332.5 pts

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

Group of answer choices

lactic acid fermentation

alcohol fermentation

propionic fermentation

mixed acid fermentation

Flag this Question

Question 342.5 pts

What do the electrons added to NAD+ do?

Group of answer choices

They go to another pathway for ATP production.

They become part of a fermentation pathway.

They are converted into NADP.

They energize the entry of the acetyl group into the citric acid cycle.

Flag this Question

Question 352.5 pts

Before the citric acid cycle begins a molecule of pyruvate is decarboxylated. This means that a molecule of _________ is removed from pyruvate to form acetyl Co A.

Group of answer choices

H₂O₂

H₂0

CO₂

H₂S

Flag this Question

Question 362.5 pts

This chemical reaction C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂-->6H₂ O + 6CO₂ is classified as a________________, and as a________________ reaction

Group of answer choices

catabolic

endergonic

exergonic

anabolic

Flag this Question

Question 372.5 pts

Enzymes change the free energy of the chemical reaction that they catalyze?

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 382.5 pts

Energy of motion, or energy doing work is called _______________ energy.

Group of answer choices

potential

kinetic

heat

Flag this Question

Question 392.5 pts

The following chemical reaction 6CO₂ + 6H₂O-->C₆ H₁₂ O₆ + 6O₂ may be described as

Group of answer choices

exergonic

catabolic

endergonic

anabolic

Flag this Question

Question 402.5 pts

The small amount of energy that is required for all chemical reactions to occur is called

Group of answer choices

kinetic energy

potential energy

activation energy

thermal energy