For each of the following hypothetical situations identify which type of muscle tissue would be most affected and what effect you would see in cell/tissue function. Justify your response with an explanation of your reasoning.

A miscoding of the titin protein gene

A miscoding of the calmodulin protein gene

Individuals who receive radiation exposure or chemotherapy may be at increased risk of later developing primary bone cancer (meaning that the cancerous growth starts in the bone). Using your knowledge of the formation of bone and the overall function of skeletal tissue in the body, explain why this is not surprising.

2. Upper Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the components of the "mouth" and include one usual abnormal finding

3. Lower Digestive Tract

(C) Discuss the gallbladder and include one usual abnormal finding

As a result of an experiment following measurements were obtained from a cell:

intracellular Na⁺ concentration of 10 mM,

intracellular K⁺ concentration of 140 mM,

intracellular Cl^- concentration of 5 mM,

intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 0.0001 mM,

extracellular Na⁺ concentration of 150 mM,

extracellular K⁺ concentration of 5 mM,

extracellular Cl^- concentration of 120 mM,

extracellular Ca²⁺ concentration of 5 mM.

Using these values calculate equilibrium potential for Ca²⁺ ion in these cells. (RT/F = 26.7 mV, 37^oC)

• What can the “tendon reflex” teach us about stretching? Hint “reciprocal inhibition”.
• How can we increase flexibility in our hamstring muscles using reciprocal inhibition when stretching? Describe the stretch action.
• Is this type of stretching static or dynamic? Why?
• Is this the best type of hamstring stretch before you go for a jog?
• Goal is to reduce injury and increase flexibility.

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the left eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.  

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the right pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

• When you shine the light into the right eye how will the left pupil react? Circle one of the following choices; constrict, dilate or no change.

what does the pupillary reflex tell you about the afferent nerve pathway?

Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to constrict? Which division of the ANS causes the pupils to dilate?

If you shine light into the eyes of an individual who has suffered a blow to the head, what could happen and why?

• What are the 5 components of a reflex arc? Identify (specifically) each component of the pupillary reflex arc?  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the left pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the right pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers.  

• when you shined the light into the left eye what happened to the right pupil? When you shined the light into the right eye what happened to the left pupil? Is this what you expected to happen, what should happen? Please explain your answers. “Hint – both eyes constrict”

Discuss the small intestine and include one usual abnormal finding

How does alkalosis result in hypokalemia?

if a ventilated patient has inspiratory effort but the ventilator doesn't respond, what can be the reasons ? how can you solve this ?