describe the mechanism of antigen processing and presentation by a virally infected cell to a CD8 cytotoxic T cell

in 100 words or more for each response

1. Describe the role of sodium in the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Be detailed in your response and be sure to fully describe any pathways involved.

2. Opioids and mental illness are known causes of gNrh inhibition. Time magazine recently published a spotlight review on the rise of anxiety, depression, and the opioid crisis in America. According to this new data, what pathophysiological impacts would this have on young people between the ages of 12-17 who may be on antidepressant medication or dealing with opioid addiction? Be sure to provide sufficient detail.

Explain how the pectoralis major can have concentric actions of both abduction and adduction of the glenohumeral joint. Provide an example movement to demonstrate your understanding.

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

List the 6 glial cells and list at least one function for each.

Name two functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).

The modified blood vessels that are lined with ependymal cells and produce CSF are called ______.

The spaces/chambers within the brain that allow CSF to flow internally are called ________.

What are the differences between White matter and Gray matter?

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is responsible for voluntary motor functions and “higher” thought processes?

Which part of the brainstem controls heart rate, respiratory rates and blood pressure?

Which part of the brainstem controls most homeostatic mechanisms of the body including metabolism and body temperature.

The gray matter found inside of the cerebrum that is involved with “primitive” functions such as emotions, mood and memory is called the ___________.

1. What effect does estrogen have in calcium homeostasis? what concerns would a woman athlete seeking to use hormonal contraceptives (containing both estrogen and progestin) have? Be thorough with your response.

Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a lesion (injury) that destroyed the right side of the spinal cord in the region of the upper back be most likely to experience?

A. Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

B. Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the left foot

C. Loss of pressure sense in the right foot and pain in the left foot

D. Loss of pressure sense in the left foot and pain in the right foot

A) TLC = 6500 VC = 5000 Find RV.

TLC = 6500   IC = 3500 Find FRC.

TLC = 6500   RV = 1200 Find VC.

IC = 3500 TV = 600 Find IRV.

FRC = 2300 RV = 1200 Find ERV.

B) The total volume of air in Jeffrey’s lungs is 5800 mL. If his IC is 3200 and his RV is 1000, calculate his ERV and FRC.

TLC = 4200, VC = 3200, IC = 2000 Calculate the FRC and RV?

VC = 3200, IC = 2200, ERV = 1000, RV = 1000 Calculate the TLC.

The total volume of air Sally can inhale after a quiet exhalation is 3400 mL. When Sally is sitting still she inhales 400 mL and there is 2200 mL left in her lungs. Calculate or figure out from the information given in the question the following values TV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV.

When at rest Jeremy inspires and expires 600 mL. While his lungs can hold 7000 mL of air only 5500 mL can move in and out, if he really, really tries. Normally, there is 3400 mL of air left in his lungs after a quiet expiration. Calculate or figure out TV, ERV, TLC, IC, FRC, IRV, RV.

A forward lunge can be divided into 2 phases, the up phase and the down phase, explain the type of contractions occurring in the knee joint (i.e. isometric, concentric, eccentic) during each of these phases.

Then identify the movement and the prime (only 1) agonist muscle for the movement occurring in each of the following joints during the up phase:

1. Pelvic girdle
2. Hip joint
3. Knee
4. Ankle

Question 1

0 / 1 pts

A cell resting membrane potential (RMP) is closest to the equilibrium potential of ____

  an ion with the highest number of channels

  an ion with the lowest permeability

  an ion with the highest permeability

Question 3

0 / 1 pts

After AchE breaks down Ach, Choline will be transported to the presynaptic neuron in a process of ____

  counter-transportation with Ca

  co-transportation with Na

  counter-transportation with Na

  co-transportation with Ca

Question 4

0 / 1 pts

After-Hyperpolarization refers to a time that ___

  repolarization is complete

  the resting membrane potential is less than -70

  the resting membrane potential starts moving toward positive

  depolarization is complete

Question 5

0 / 1 pts

Autonomic Nervous system is a system that controls smooth muscle and ____

  heart

  gland, heart and skeletal muscle

  skeletal muscle

  gland and heart

  glands

Incorrect

Question 6

0 / 1 pts

One difference between a graded potential and an action potential is that ____

  all of them are correct

  an action potential is stronger than a graded potential

  an action potential follows the rule of “all or none” but a graded potential does not

  an action potential happens in both cell body and axon but a graded potential only happens in a dendrite

Incorrect

Question 7

0 / 1 pts

Channels at the dendrites are ______ channels.

  chemically gated

  all are correct

  mechanically gated

  voltage gated

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

During repolarization ___

  K channels are open

  inactivation gate is open

  Na is the main ion which drives reploarization

  activation gate is open

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

Electrochemical gradient refers to difference in ____

  oncentration and charges

  concentration

  charges and ions

  ions

  charges

Incorrect

Question 12

0 / 1 pts

GABA can either be metabolized or removed from its receptor. For that reason we can use ___ or ___ respectively.

  GABA transporter, GABA tranasminas

  GABA transaminase, GABA transporter

  Glutamate decarboxylase, Glutamate transporter

  Glutamate transporter, Glutamate decarboxylase

Incorrect

Question 13

0 / 1 pts

Glycine function is similar to ___

  GABA B

  GABA A

Question 17

0 / 1 pts

Presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane ____

  have cleft but are also connected to each other by some molecules like CAMs

  are physically attached to each other

  are separated by a cleft but still are connected to each other by some molecules like connexons.

  . are separated by a cleft and there is no adhesion between them

Please answer the following multiple choice questions

1. What cell type makes sure that antibodies produced against microorganisms will target structures on the surface of the microorganism?

a. Helper T cells

b. B cells

c. Macrophages

d. Killer T cells

2. If a macrophage phagocytosed a virus, viral peptides would be presented on

a. MHC-I

b. MHC-II

c. CD* T cell receptors

d. CD4 T cell receptors

3. For a mouse to make antibodies against a small molecule, such as benzene

a. inject a protein into the mouse

b. inject a benzene-protein complex into the mouse

c. inject benzene into the mouse

d. none of the above

Match the congenital heart defect with the environmental or chromosomal factors:

____ Rubella A. AVSD, VSD

____Diabetes B. PDA, COA, PS

____Trisomy 21 C. VSD, Ventricular hypertrophy

____Turner Syndrome D. COA, AS, ASD

____Trisomy 18 E. VSD, PDA, PS

What's the visual field of a monkey, and how does it use its visual field to run away from predators??

1. Define systole and diastole.

2. What is sinus rhythm, and what is the typical heat beat? How often does the SA node fire?

3. What is an ectopic focus? Give an example. Why is this of importance?

4. The SA node fires spontaneously at regular intervals because of the pacemaker potential. How does this potential differ from the resting membrane potential of a neuron or skeletal muscle?

5. Why is it important that the AV node slow down signal conduction to the ventricles?

6. Summarize the steps of an action potential of a ventricular cardiomyocyte. A drawing might be helpful (see figure 19.14).

7. (a) The resting membrane potential of a typical cardiomyocyte is __________.

(b) Which ions participate in the action potential of these cells? ____________________________

39. What produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiomyocytes? Why is this important to the pumping ability of the heart?

8. Draw a normal electrocardiogram from just before P to just after T wave (see figure 19.15). Label the waves and intervals. Identify the portion of the ECG that coincides with each of the following events: atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole, ventricular repolarization, ventricular diastole.

State any two advantages of TMS over traditional lesion studies of brain function.