Compare and contrast taste and smell. For example, why is it that taste appears to have a small set of basic qualities, while smell does not? You should explain the basic theories underlying the perception of each, including how specificity coding vs. population coding apply to each. You should also include in your discussion how the two combine to produce flavor.

Localization of seen objects to some degree naturally falls out from representing the real world as an image on the retina, and subsequent retinotopic mapping. There is no direct analog for sound, and you we do a reasonable job of localizing sounds as well. How do we localize sounds? Your answer should include both monaural and binaural methods, different methods for high vs. low frequencies, and should mention the sorts of confusions (e.g. front-back, top-down) that we may make and why we might make them.

name all of the hormones produces by the pancreas and describe the hormone’s main purposes

Phagocytic cells ingest and sequester pathogens into a structure called a “phagolysosome” which contains singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals (among other molecules). Explain how this immune system strategy works against pathogens. What type of bacteria would you expect to be most vulnerable?

what is the correct way of doing a anatomy lab report?

Compare the similarities and differences between amylopectin and chitin.

please i need the answers not the explaining

Osmosis and Osmolarity

1. Osmosis is the movement of _________ from __________ to __________. The osmolarity of a solution is defined as the _____________. The normal osmolarity of body fluids is _________. Iso-osmotic solutions have an osmolarity of _______; hypoosmotic solutions have an osmolarity ________ and hyperosmotic solutions have an osmolarity of ________.
2. _________ solutions cause water to enter cells which may cause __________; _________ cause water to leave cells which may cause __________; and _________ has no net effect of water movement across the cell membrane

Vesicular Transport

1. __________ is used to move materials into the cell. This includes _________ and _________. The process that expels materials from the cell is called _______.

What are some of the factors that differentiate between motor unit types? Check all that apply

-soma size

-actin and myosin

-myosin ATPase type

-Mitochondrial content

-Presence of troponin and topomyosin

Compare and Contrast two organic macromolecules. brief explain.

Which organic molecules are always, sometimes, never water soluble? brief explain

Hearing

1. The receptor for hearing is the _________ which is located in the _________. The receptor has ______ and _______ hair cells. The __________ are responsible for hearing and the _______ are responsible for cochlear tuning.
2. The ________ are activated when their stereocilia __________ and are inhibited when the stereocilia __________. Bending of the stereocilia towards the _______open ________ to allow _______ to enter the cells. This causes depolarization of the _______ which activates ________.
3. Pathway
   1. Auditory nerve synapse in the _________ and activate secondary neurons which project to the ________ to activate tertiary neurons which project to the ________ to activate quarternary neurons which project to the _________ to activate 5^th order neurons that terminate in the _______ where hearing is perceived.  
4. Hearing loss
   1. Damage to the ________ leads to sensorineural hearing loss whereas obstruction or damage to the ________ may lead to conduction hearing loss.

Equilbrium

1. _____________ detect angular movements of the head; the _________ detects vertical movements of the head; the ________ detects horizontal movements of the head.
2. The equilibrium structures (apparatus) contain ________ which are depolarized when _________. These cells then activate __________ which terminate in the _________. Neurons then project to the _________ and then to the ________.

Vision

1. __________ photoreceptors are used for bright light conditions and for seeing _______. ________ photoreceptors are used form dim light conditions. There are ______types of cones. Blue cones respond best to light of _____; Red cones respond best to light of ________; and green cones respond best to light of _________. Rods respond best to light of _______.
2. The part of the photoreceptor that responds to light is the __________ which is made of ________ and ________.
3. In the dark, cGMP opens _________ on the photoreceptors which allows ______ to enter. This is called the __________ which depolarizes the ________ which releases ________ to inhibit bipolar cells. As a result, bipolar cells can’t activate __________. As a result, no _________ is generated in the optic nerve.
4. In the light, photons of light strike to photopigments to convert ________ to _______. This change activates _________ which activates __________ which converts cGMP to ________. A decrease in cGMP decreases the _________ current. As a result, bipolar cells are no longer inhibited by _______. Bipolar cells then stimulate _________ which generate action potentials in the ________.
5. The scotopic system uses many _________ to activate fewer ________ which activate fewer _________. This is an example of __________. This system uses _________ to respond to low intensity light
6. The photopic system uses __________ to activate __________ to activate __________. Due to the lack of __________, this system is not suitable for __________ but it is ideal for _________.
7. Visual pathway
   1. Bipolar cells synapse with _______ in the retina which, in turn, synapse in the ________; third order neurons then terminate in the _________ where vision is perceived.
8. Vision abnormalities
   1. _________ is also called nearsightedness; in this condition image comes into focus _________
   2. _________ is also called farsightedness; in this condition, image comes into focus ________
   3. _________ is condition that prevents the image from coming into focus
   4. _________ is normal vision

Hearing

1. The pitch of a sound is based on its ________. The loudness of sound is based on its ________. Loudness is measure using a _________ scale. 20 db is ________ times louder than the hearing threshold.

Can I have a detailed explanation of the blood flow through the heart (left oxygenated blood) (right oxygenated blood)

A 43-year-old male patient is brought to the OR for a total hip arthroplasty. His chart shows that he is HIV+; he is in the early stages of AIDS. He has Kaposi’s sarcoma skin lesions, painfully swollen lymph nodes in the groin and axilla, and is underweight.

1. What important principles should you consider while positioning the patient to protect him from pain and injury?

2. What are some special considerations concerning an AIDS patient when placing the ESU grounding pad?

3. What complications could be encountered during the case that the CST should be prepared to assist the OR team in resolving?

4. Discuss the concept of standard precautions. Do you treat this patient any differently because he is HIV+?

5. What exactly is Kaposi’s sarcoma?