Compare and Contrast two organic macromolecules. brief explain.

Which organic molecules are always, sometimes, never water soluble? brief explain

Hearing

1. The receptor for hearing is the _________ which is located in the _________. The receptor has ______ and _______ hair cells. The __________ are responsible for hearing and the _______ are responsible for cochlear tuning.
2. The ________ are activated when their stereocilia __________ and are inhibited when the stereocilia __________. Bending of the stereocilia towards the _______open ________ to allow _______ to enter the cells. This causes depolarization of the _______ which activates ________.
3. Pathway
   1. Auditory nerve synapse in the _________ and activate secondary neurons which project to the ________ to activate tertiary neurons which project to the ________ to activate quarternary neurons which project to the _________ to activate 5^th order neurons that terminate in the _______ where hearing is perceived.  
4. Hearing loss
   1. Damage to the ________ leads to sensorineural hearing loss whereas obstruction or damage to the ________ may lead to conduction hearing loss.

Equilbrium

1. _____________ detect angular movements of the head; the _________ detects vertical movements of the head; the ________ detects horizontal movements of the head.
2. The equilibrium structures (apparatus) contain ________ which are depolarized when _________. These cells then activate __________ which terminate in the _________. Neurons then project to the _________ and then to the ________.

Vision

1. __________ photoreceptors are used for bright light conditions and for seeing _______. ________ photoreceptors are used form dim light conditions. There are ______types of cones. Blue cones respond best to light of _____; Red cones respond best to light of ________; and green cones respond best to light of _________. Rods respond best to light of _______.
2. The part of the photoreceptor that responds to light is the __________ which is made of ________ and ________.
3. In the dark, cGMP opens _________ on the photoreceptors which allows ______ to enter. This is called the __________ which depolarizes the ________ which releases ________ to inhibit bipolar cells. As a result, bipolar cells can’t activate __________. As a result, no _________ is generated in the optic nerve.
4. In the light, photons of light strike to photopigments to convert ________ to _______. This change activates _________ which activates __________ which converts cGMP to ________. A decrease in cGMP decreases the _________ current. As a result, bipolar cells are no longer inhibited by _______. Bipolar cells then stimulate _________ which generate action potentials in the ________.
5. The scotopic system uses many _________ to activate fewer ________ which activate fewer _________. This is an example of __________. This system uses _________ to respond to low intensity light
6. The photopic system uses __________ to activate __________ to activate __________. Due to the lack of __________, this system is not suitable for __________ but it is ideal for _________.
7. Visual pathway
   1. Bipolar cells synapse with _______ in the retina which, in turn, synapse in the ________; third order neurons then terminate in the _________ where vision is perceived.
8. Vision abnormalities
   1. _________ is also called nearsightedness; in this condition image comes into focus _________
   2. _________ is also called farsightedness; in this condition, image comes into focus ________
   3. _________ is condition that prevents the image from coming into focus
   4. _________ is normal vision

Hearing

1. The pitch of a sound is based on its ________. The loudness of sound is based on its ________. Loudness is measure using a _________ scale. 20 db is ________ times louder than the hearing threshold.

Can I have a detailed explanation of the blood flow through the heart (left oxygenated blood) (right oxygenated blood)

A 43-year-old male patient is brought to the OR for a total hip arthroplasty. His chart shows that he is HIV+; he is in the early stages of AIDS. He has Kaposi’s sarcoma skin lesions, painfully swollen lymph nodes in the groin and axilla, and is underweight.

1. What important principles should you consider while positioning the patient to protect him from pain and injury?

2. What are some special considerations concerning an AIDS patient when placing the ESU grounding pad?

3. What complications could be encountered during the case that the CST should be prepared to assist the OR team in resolving?

4. Discuss the concept of standard precautions. Do you treat this patient any differently because he is HIV+?

5. What exactly is Kaposi’s sarcoma?

Answer parts A-E of #1 to receive full credit:

A. Which statement is most accurate?

B. _____ is a result of parasympathetic stimulation

1. Contraction of the pupils

2. Decreased persistence of the digestive system

3. Faster heart rate

4. Increased sweating

5. Thick, mucousy saliva

C. The purpose of protecting pain information to the anterior cingulate cortex is

1. To design a reflexive response

2. To determine motivational component of the pain

3. To distinguish pain from other types of stimuli

4. To modulate the degree of pain

5. To perceive the pain sensation

D. Which is a characteristic of an odor?

1. Composed of a single odorant

2. Recognized by mitral cells  

3. Sufficiently flammable

4. Water soluble

E. In the visual pathways of the brain, the optic radiations projects from the...

1. Lateral Geniculate nucleus

2. Medial retina

3. Optic chiasma

4. Primary visual cortex

5. Superior colliculus

A 29-year-old female patient who is 8-months pregnant is having an emergency appendectomy. She will have to receive general anesthesia for the procedure.

1. What anatomical changes have taken place in the patient that must be taken into account for this case?

2. How might the patient’s laboratory tests be changed by her being pregnant?

3. What additional emergency procedure should the CST be prepared to quickly set up and assist the surgeon?

4. What postoperative symptoms should be closely monitored that might indicate preterm labor?

5. What physiological occurrence is difficult to recognize in the pregnant patient and may result in the fetus becoming hypoxic? What device should be used both intraoperatively and postoperatively to avoid the complication?

Give five Differential diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis and their differentiating features on ultrasound

please explain the 2 mechanisms that protect the stomach from being digested

What does ELISA stand for? What are ELISA assays used for in labs? Give at least three examples. Briefly describe two limitations of an ELISA. Please use your own words. Which portion of the blood is used for the test? Explain. In five sentences, summarize how an ELISA assay “works.” How is the test quantified?

List the 3 major factors that alter vascular resistance (diameter, length, viscosity) and then give a specific example how we can alter each of those specific factors during our lifetime. In your example be sure to mention what impact that change has on blood distribution and a person’s health.

Briefly describe Boyle’s, Dalton’s, and Henry’s laws as they relate to respiration. Give an example how each law can used to explain some alterations in respiratory function.

13. A patient comes to the hospital imaging lab where you work. The patient suffers from a rare genetic condition in which the contractile cells of her heart have limited conductivity. You are asked to perform an ultrasound or echocardiogram of the patient’s heart. As you view the video monitor, what would you expect to observe about the patient’s heart function as you view and analyze the contracting?

Muscle contraction and fatigue prompt:

You are talking with a friend who has recently started an exercise regimen, and they comment that they are planning to quit because they experience muscle soreness following their workouts. In your communication assignment for this week explain why this occurs. You should focus on the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction and how muscles become fatigued. You should also discuss the ways muscles adapt to changing activity levels at the molecular level as you encourage them to increase their fitness level.

1. a) what is a nephron? Please name its parts.
     b) what is the action of the aldosterone and the ADH, and where are they produced?