What's the visual field of a monkey, and how does it use its visual field to run away from predators??

1. Define systole and diastole.

2. What is sinus rhythm, and what is the typical heat beat? How often does the SA node fire?

3. What is an ectopic focus? Give an example. Why is this of importance?

4. The SA node fires spontaneously at regular intervals because of the pacemaker potential. How does this potential differ from the resting membrane potential of a neuron or skeletal muscle?

5. Why is it important that the AV node slow down signal conduction to the ventricles?

6. Summarize the steps of an action potential of a ventricular cardiomyocyte. A drawing might be helpful (see figure 19.14).

7. (a) The resting membrane potential of a typical cardiomyocyte is __________.

(b) Which ions participate in the action potential of these cells? ____________________________

39. What produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiomyocytes? Why is this important to the pumping ability of the heart?

8. Draw a normal electrocardiogram from just before P to just after T wave (see figure 19.15). Label the waves and intervals. Identify the portion of the ECG that coincides with each of the following events: atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular systole, ventricular repolarization, ventricular diastole.

State any two advantages of TMS over traditional lesion studies of brain function.

Patients can be discharged from practice for not paying for services. You are the manager in the front office of a physician’s practice. The practice does not currently offer credit (accept monthly payments) to patients. You know that a few of your coworkers have recently bent the rules to allow a patient to not pay their insurance co-payment, have not charged for some of the services provided, or have allowed a patient to make payments on their accounts.

Scenario One: An 86-year widow comes in monthly to have her blood drawn and monitored ever since her heart attack 2 years ago. Her husband has recently passed away and she has no family nearby to help her. She has Medicare but does not have supplemental insurance to cover office visits. When leaving the office today, she starts to cry and tell you that she can no longer afford her blood pressure medications, cholesterol medications, blood work, and office visits each month. She will not be able to get her medications refilled unless she sees the doctor and has blood work each month. She currently owes $180 on her account today.

Scenario 2: A 19-year-old mother of 3 children, all under the age of 5, brings in all of the kids today for their recommended check-ups and vaccinations. She does not have insurance for any of the children as she was denied Medicaid based on a previous fraud. She has been diligent paying for the children’s healthcare, with assistance from a grandmother, but she recently passed away. After today’s visits, she tells you that she only has enough money to pay for services for two of the kids, but not the third one. This mother has been known to cause scenes and be disrespectful to the office staff, and you know that if these children are discharged from the office, they will have a hard time being accepted at another provider due to the mother’s behavior.

1. How would you handle each of these situations?
2. Is one scenario worthy of breaking the official rules? One more than others?
3. If you must discharge these patients for non-payment, what advice will you give them?

1. Why is MRI a preferred imaging technique in children? What are the limitations and risks? (2 page limit)

Prompt: It is common knowledge that staying hydrated is beneficial and that electrolytes replenish the body after exercise. But did you know that it too much water or water containing the wrong substances can be harmful? Apply what you have learned about osmosis and diffusion in Hands On Lab: Cells and Membrane Transport to consider the following scenario:

You are stranded on a desert island. A boat will not be by this area again for 7 days so you need to make smart choices to survive. This sunny island, Puerto Golgi, with an average daily temperature of 95 degrees Fahrenheit, receives only a few inches of rain per year, so there is very little fresh water available for you to drink.

You have 3 options to choose from and you may only choose one:

1. Drinking all the freshwater from a midweek rainstorm in 1 hour before it evaporates (4 Liters).

2. Drink a small amount of saltwater each of the 7 days

3. Crack open the available coconuts to drink 2L of coconut water each day

Which option will you choose to survive until the boat arrives at the end of day 7 to find you and take you back to the mainland? Each option has beneficial and harmful aspects; there is no perfect choice available.

Through this 2 part discussion with your classmates, you will state your choice, explain how your choice would affect the blood and cells of the body using appropriate and sufficient evidence, and then respond to your classmates posts to convince them why that choice is the optimal one for survival. In other words, you need to know why your choice is the most optimal for the human body and why the other choices would not be.

Remember, no answer is one hundred percent correct so you are not saying that others are wrong, but instead why your choice is more optimal based on evidence. We all want to survive and get each other safely to the mainland.

Part 1: Initial Post (Worth up to 50 points)

• Length: 250-500 words
• State and explain your choice. When stating the evidence, consider the challenges that others may have to your evidence and how you could counter those respectful challenges.
• You will need to use at least 3 reputable scientific references to support your post (not including your textbook). Reputable sources= peer reviewed scientific journal articles, accredited websites, or books. Google, Wikipedia, etc. are not acceptable sources.

Female Reproductive System Physiology

1. Create a chart that depicts all the regulatory events during the female reproductive cycle. Include the hormonal events of the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary and the ovary.  In addition, add sections for follicular development and uterine proliferation.  Be sure to label all sections, structures, hormones and phases.

Case Study

Case History

Abioye Akachi, a 5 y.o. boy, recently arrived in Australia from East Africa. Brought to the Emergency Dept. by his worried parents, who state that he has frequent infections, a poor appetite, appears to be in pain, is pale and lethargic.

On examination the clinician finds an irritable child with jaundice, splenomegaly and failure to thrive. The clinician requests an FBE, ESR, CRP, Haptoglobin, Blood film, Malaria screen, Renal and Liver function tests and to crossmatch one unit of blood.

FBE Results

Blood film & other results

1. Define ‘signs’ & ‘symptoms’. Discuss the clinical findings of the case and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
2. Discuss the laboratory results in detail and discuss and correlate to any physiological or pathophysiological processes.
3. State your Provisional Diagnosis.
4. State your Differential Diagnosis/es.
5. Discuss your chosen Provisional Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis/es with justifications for your selections?
6. List all the Further Tests and Results for the PD and DDs? Tabulate your result.
7. Describe the aetiology & pathophysiology for the chosen PD.

Rebreathing from a closed bag results in arterial hypercapnia (raised partial pressure of carbon dioxide), which stimulates respiration. Briefly explain this neural mechanism.

Explain the origin, insertion, and action of the following 10 muscles: Sternocleidomastoid, Occipitofrontalis, Zygomaticus major and minor, Masseter, Lateral rectus, Diaphragm, Pectoralis major, Biceps brachii, Rectus femoris, and Gastrocnemius

1. Which of the following is only found in the afferent division?

a. ANS

b. parasympathetic

c. effectors

d. SNS

e. Receptors

2. Where on a neuron does it receive most of its incoming information?

a. telodendria

b. synaptic terminals

c. axon

d. initial segment

e. Dendrites

3. Which of the following is NOT paired correctly?

a. unipolar neurons : rare, only in brain

b. bipolar neurons : sight information

c. multipolar neurons : most abundant in CNS

d. anaxonic neurons : found in brain

e. multipolar neurons : carries motor information

4. The function(s) of myelination is for

a. electrical insulation

b. protection from damage

c. speeding up action potentials

d. differentiating between sensory and motor

e. both A and C

5. Which of the following is FALSE regarding resting transmembrane potentials?

a. the plasma membrane is not equally permeable to all ions.

b. membrane potential is more negative on the inside of the cell.

c. higher concentration of sodium outside the cell.

d. potassium gets actively pumped out of the cell.

e. electrical and chemical gradients are actively maintained.

If an individual has end stage liver disease, characterized by death of hepatocytes and their subsequent replacement by connective tissue, what functional prediction would you make about that individual’s digestive capability? Be specific about the macromolecule digestion that would be affected and be sure to include your rationale explaining why that deficit would exist in this scenario.

Adrenal glands- what is the overall gland structure? Can you name all the different regions and zones and what hormones they secrete? What are the functions of all these hormones?

Describe where insulin in the brain comes from. (include references). (150 words)