Question

1. (4pts) For the following hypothetical situations make a prediction about potential functional impact for the individual:

         Gallbladder removal

         Hyposecretion of secretin

         Vagotomy (severing of the vagus nerve) proximal to the stomach

         Lack of receptors for leptin on cells of the body

2. For each of the following digestive enzymes identify which organ or gland it is produced in/secreted by, what stimulus drives the release of that enzyme, and which macromolecules it plays a role in digesting:

Enzyme	Secreted by	Stimulated by	Digests
Peptidases
Chymotrypsin
Salivary amylase
Sucrase
Trypsin
Lactase
Pancreatic amylase
Pepsin
Maltase
Carboxypeptidase
Enterokinase
Intestinal lipase
Nucleases
Pancreatic lipase

3) Based on your understanding of nitrogen balance identify which condition exists in each of the following examples:

• An anorexic patient is rapidly losing skeletal muscle tissue

• A weight lifter who is increasing lean body mass

• A pregnant woman proceeding through a healthy pregnancy

• A serious burn victim who is receiving protein supplements but still losing weight

4) Jacob has been working a much longer shift than he expected and is very hungry. He is slightly hypoglycemic; luckily, he has no pathology that prevents his body from reacting appropriately. Predict what hormonal changes can be expected in Jacob in response to his low blood glucose levels, the effect that hormone will have within the body, and the specific fuel source that his cells will utilize for their metabolic needs in response to this situation.

Answer 1

Answer 1;

Gall bladder removal:

The purpose of gall bladder is to store the bile produced from liver and then secrete it in duodenum for emulsification of fat. When gall bladder is removed then bile will be not stored in gall bladder due to which bile will be released directly to the duodenum at all the time. This will lead to side effect such as diarrhoea.

Hyposecretion of secretin:

Secretin is the hormone which is released from duodenum when the food (chyme) arrives from stomach into duodenum. The release of secretin stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice and bicarbonate. Pancreatic juice contains enzymes to aid in digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Bicarbonates secreted from pancreas neutralizes the acidic pH. When there is hyposecretion of secretin then the above function will not take place properly.

Vagotomy proximal to the stomach:

Vagotomy of proximal stomach is the process by which proximal part of stomach i.e body and fundus is denervated of vagus nerve. This leads to reduced secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Lack of receptors for leptin on cells of the body:

Leptin is the hormone which inhibits hunger. Lack of receptors for leptin on cells of the body will lead to increased hunger in a person which will cause him or her to over eat, excessive eating and obesity.