Explain, with examples, how innate and adaptive immunity are different. What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
18. Structure and function are intricately linked concepts in A&P. Describe three ways in which we have seen the relationship between structure and function in A&P thus far 19. Define an activated carrier and name at least two activated carriers used in human cells 20. Compare and contrast somatic and sex cells (eggs/sperm)
In: Anatomy and Physiology
General surgery: A surgical technology student is being supervised by the CST preceptor during a Whipple procedure. The CST comments that the student will have learned several procedures by the time they are done with this case.
1. What does the CST mean by his statement to the student?
2. What are the different procedures that constitute a Whipple procedure?
3. Discuss the different instrument trays that will be used for this case.
4. What type and size of suture is typically used for a subcuticular closure? What type of needle do you anticipate would be used?
5. Which incision is used most commonly for emergency surgery? Which incision is least likely to have an incidence of incisional herniation but a greater chance of infection or nerve damage?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
13. Describe the sodium-potassium pump, including all players involved, and what the function is 16. Name 3 components that contribute to the structure of the plasma membrane 17. Draw and label the reaction of the formation of a peptide bond with two generic amino acids
In: Anatomy and Physiology
How do I become Arnold Swarzenaegger?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
A pharmacy student is testing six different drugs that target neuromuscular transmission. Predict if the following drugs would increase, decrease or not change the magnitude of the end plate potential at the neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
Botulism toxin
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
Black widow latrotoxin
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
Antagonist of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
Antagonist of Ach receptors
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
Antagonist of sarcolemmal voltage-gated Na+ channels
[ Choose ] No change Increase Decrease
In: Anatomy and Physiology
4. Draw and label a generic structure of an amino acid
5. Contrast and compare DNA and RNA in at least 3 ways
6. Briefly define negative and positive feedback and give a brief example of each
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Bioterrorists are planning to use a plant toxin that interferes
with the function of the exchange pump responsible for the chloride
shift. Explain the pathophysiology of the toxin and its effect on
the body.
Using your knowledge of transport of carbon dioxide. answer the
following questions. Be sure to clearly label the different
parts.
Part A. Explain the chloride shift in terms of the bicarbonate ion.
(1 mark)
Part B. What will happen when the chloride shift does not occur?
Part C. How will the body attempt to correct for a lack of chloride
shift?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. A condition in which a muscle is unable to contract is
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
2. Which of the above describes an increase in the maximum force of contraction as the frequency of stimuli increase?
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
3. Which of the above describes a contraction unable to move a load?
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
4. Which of the above describes a contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change?
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
5. Which of the above describes a contraction in which the length of the muscle changes continuously while the force applied by the muscle remains the same?
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
6. Which of the above describes an increase in the number of muscle fibers participating in a contraction?
a. isometric b. isotonic c. tetanus d. spastic paralysis e. flaccid paralysis
f. hypertrophy g. wave summation h. motor unit summation (recruitment)
In: Anatomy and Physiology
7. In a normal muscle which has been stimulated, which of the following lasts the longest?
a. refractory period b. latent period c. action potential
d. period of contraction and relaxation (muscle twitch)
8. Which of the following would result in the smallest force of contraction following stimulation?
a. a muscle half its normal resting length
b. a muscle twice its normal resting length
c. a muscle that is at its normal resting length
d. a muscle in which the passive force greatly exceeds the active force
9. Which of the following would be true about a muscle with mostly large motor units (as opposed to a muscle with mostly small motor units)?
a. controls movements much more precisely than a muscle with small motor units
b. contains a larger number of motor neurons
c. each neuron controls a large number of muscle fibers
d. muscles with large motor units contain only oxidative fibers
e. all of the above are true
10. Running a marathon or longterm maintenance of muscle tone (as opposed to sprinting or heavy lifting) would most depend on
a. utilizing creatine phosphate b. anaerobic glycolytic metabolism
c. aerobic respiration
11. Which of the following would not be true about lactic acid?
a. produced when glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions
b. the more rapidly a muscle contracts the more lactic acid is produced
c. produced by myoglobin
d. secreted into the blood
e. converted by the liver into glucose and glycogen
In: Anatomy and Physiology
pros &cons of a 6 week maturity leave on the nutrition needs of the mother?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Indicate whether (a) skeletal (b) cardiac (c) smooth muscle has the following characteristics. A characteristic may apply to more than one muscle type.
_______ contraction usually voluntary
_______ contraction usually involuntary
_______ regulated mostly by somatic nerves
_______ regulated mostly by autonomic nerves
_______ striated
_______ non-striated
_______ able to stretch
_______ elastic
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how repolarization happens. Give characteristics of the absolute and relative refractory periods in terms of voltage-gated sodium channel conformation. At what point can a new action potential be generated?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology