Question 5. Explain how vaccinations protect against diseases. Specifically, discuss the immune cells involved in providing immunity.

Question 6. Explain why some vaccinations need a “booster shot”.

Question 7: The microbiome contains an ecosystem of microorganisms/foreign antigens. Why doesn’t the body attack the gut?

Discuss the physical differences between veins and arteries that give them their unique physiological differences. Be sure to discuss things like elastic fibers and other important structural components. At least 300 words

1. What is the function associated with each of the following structures?

1. Retina
2. Fibrous tunic
3. Choroid layer
4. Suspensory ligament
5. Optic nerve
6. Lens
7. Cornea

-Explain how the kidney and small intestine assists in the regulation of cardiovascular functions such as blood pressure, blood volume, or blood solute concentration. Describe how these organs use specific hormones to control blood concentrations and what effects it has on other systems. As you mention the specific hormones make sure to mention where they are released from (specific region within the organ), what triggers their release and the direct effects they have on the blood and body functions. Lastly mention what would happen if the small intestine were removed or if the kidneys were impaired (disease or donation).

1. Explain the difference in the axon structure when comparing myelinated vs. non-myelinated neurons in PNS. How does such a difference affect the action potential?
2. How does a nerve cell create and maintain resting membrane potential?

1.

What statements about muscle cells and ATP are TRUE? There may be more than one answer. Select one or more:

a. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have longer endurance and have greater force generating capacity than muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

b. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have longer endurance but have smaller muscle mass than muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

c. When muscle cell is at work, creatine kinase will convert ADP + creatine into ATP + creatine phosphate.

d. When muscle cell is at rest, creatine kinase converts ATP + creatine into ADP + creatine phosphate. e. Muscle cells involved in aerobic metabolism have a lower threshold for muscle fatigue compare to muscles involved in anaerobic metabolism.

2.

Which of the following statements about glucose metabolism is TRUE? Can be more than one answer

Select one or more:

a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol with or without oxygen present inside the cell.

b. At the end of glycolysis, 1 molecule of glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH.

c. The net products of anaerobic metabolism are 2 pyruvate + 2NADH   + 2ATP.

d. One molecule of glucose is first converted into glucose-6 phosphate by hexokinase.

e. In the intermediate steps between glycolysis and Kreb cycle, 2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A molecules in the mitochondrial matrix will give rise to 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 CO₂ + 2 NADH.

3. What are the correct statements about glucose transporters (GLUT)?

Select one or more:

a. GLUT-2 is found at the liver cells and beta cells of the pancreas.

b. GLUT-4 is found at the working muscle cells and adipose tissues.

c. GLUT transporters move glucose via simple and facilitated diffusion.

d. When insulin binds at the tyrosine kinase receptor of the resting muscle cells, the reaction will promote GLUT-2 insertion at the cell membrane

e. When the resting muscle cells are active during exercise, muscle cells become independent of insulin.

After the experiment, the researchers discovered that one participant in the high fat group was currently taking two prescribed drugs: orlistat (lipase inhibitor) and colestipo (bile acid sequestrant) and one participant in the high protein group was currently taking a prescribed proton pump inhibitor (reduce stomach acid production).

How is gastrin, CCK, motilin, secretin and GIP impacted by the prescribed drug/medication for each respective meal and explain the impact (i.e. does the prescribed drug/medication affect the release and/or action of the hormone?)

- Orlistat and a high fat meal

- Colestipo and a high fat meal

- Proton pump inhibitor and a high protein meal

A 26-year-old male prisoner begins a hunger strike to protest what he considers unfair prison policies. He drinks only tap water, and his only exercise is two daily half-hour walks at approximately 2.5 miles/hr. The temperature in his cell is maintained at 220C. His starting weight is 70 Kg, of which 14% is body fat. At the end of 4 weeks, he is urged by the prison physician, family, friends, and his attorney to stop his fast because of his deteriorating conditions.

a. What changes in plasma levels of energy substrates would occur in the first 3 days of his fast?

b. On what immediate and on what ultimate sources of energy would brain metabolism depend?

c. What role would the liver play in providing energy sources to the brain and muscles?

d. What early changes in plasma levels of hormones would occur? How would this regulate his energy metabolism?

e. What physiologic events would occur when he stopped his fast by drinking a large quantity of a high glucose fluid?

4. The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system in the brain determines our perception and response to rewarding stimuli. Explain the function of this reward system in food choice and consumption.

1. Patients suffering from burns consistently show elevated levels of potassium in their urine. Describe the mechanism behind this observation and why it is important to keep plasma potassium concentration held in a very narrow range?

Please give a detailed answer. thank you.

b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of glycolytic metabolism (anaerobic glycolysis).

COMMENT/RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION:

"Before answering this question, I have to conduct a research. Through my research I found that fish is the recommended source for omega-3 fatty acids. Relying on supplements is not a bad thing to do but it is not recommended. Supplements are good for people who suffer from heart disease. Because they have to consume Dha and Epa daily. People on these supplements have to be careful with the doses because it has side effects. It can cause them to bleed and mess with their immune system. A diet rich in fatty fish provides a wealth of healthy benefits. I know that some people have problems with the way that seafood (fish) can smell or taste, so fish oil is an option for them. Fish oil supplement can reel in the important omega-3s you need. Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential for healthy diet. They play a crucial role in how the body’s cells function and can help reduce cardiovascular risks and much more. Omega- 3s have been shown to reduce inflammation in the body and can decrease symptoms associated with arthritis and chronic disease. "The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating a three-ounce serving of oily fish at least two times a week to get the heart-healthy benefits from omega-3s," (AHA, 2015). People don’t eat fish because it can be costly. Some people just don’t like it and others worry about the mercury levels. At the end of the day, but we need those omega-3s in our diets. Fatty fish is a better option if you want the full omega-3 fatty acid health benefits. Studies have shown that fish, in addition to providing cardiovascular benefits, is loaded with healthy vitamins and minerals as well as protein that you just can't get from fish oil supplements"

3. Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes supply exercising muscle with ATP and the contribution of each depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise.

a. Describe the anaerobic processes of ATP production.

b. Describe the aerobic processes of ATP production.

c. Give the rates and endurance of ATP production of each process.