Indicate whether (a) skeletal (b) cardiac (c) smooth muscle has the following characteristics. A characteristic may apply to more than one muscle type.

_______ contraction usually voluntary

_______ contraction usually involuntary

_______ regulated mostly by somatic nerves

_______ regulated mostly by autonomic nerves

_______ striated

_______ non-striated

_______ able to stretch

_______ elastic

Explain how repolarization happens. Give characteristics of the absolute and relative refractory periods in terms of voltage-gated sodium channel conformation. At what point can a new action potential be generated?

3) Eric has decided he wants to lose weight. He decides to cut all carbs from his diet and eat a diet high in protein and fat. During his workouts, he feels weak and sluggish. Why might this be happening? What would you recommend for him to change, if anything? Use physiology to answer.

4) Tyler is 22 years old and wants to be a bodybuilder. He works hard during the week at his job so he goes out to party every Friday and Saturday night in which he drinks a lot of alcohol. Recently, Tyler has checked his weight and saw that his fat mass has increased. He doesn’t understand why this is the case when he tracks his carbs, protein, and fat every day. He tracks his calories every day except when he is partying because he drinks low calorie beers. He has now come to you seeking advice on what could be going on and what are some alternatives he can do to start losing fat mass while still partying and drinking alcohol.

Central Nervous System: MS impairments

Anatomy summaries of organic disorders

Synopsis of Central Nervous System: MS impairment should focus on a concise anatomical/physiological explanation of the disorder, and include a brief etiology and brief speech-language symptoms.

Biological systems are not as effective if they lack regulation, meaning the ability to regulate certain processes.  We have seen many examples of regulation this semester.   Muscle cell relaxation is highly regulated.  Describe the process(es) by which muscle cells relax and return to their resting length.

How does one differentiate between joint mobilizations and chiropractic adjustments?

Identify the physiological basis that results in each of the following states on a neuron membrane: resting membrane potential, depolarization, maintenance of resting membrane potential. Be sure to identify the specific ion channels that are involved.

Discuss two important functions of the lymphatic system in the human body. Be sure and give detail as to how this function helps maintain homeostasis and fluid balance. At least 300 words

Immunology:

We have seen that inherited conditions in which an individual lacks antibodies can be treated by the intravenous administration of gamma-globulin from donors. Briefly indicate how the following donor characteristics may affect the “quality” of gamma-globulin obtained.

a) Age

b) Geographical location (relative to recipient)

c) Occupation

Case Study num22

please answer 1-5

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic disease, and every health professional will need to understand how it works and identify common emergency situations related to it. But an equally important part of the health professional's role is patient education and explaining what happens in the disease process. After they go home, diabetes patients will have to manage this complex disease every day.

You are working in the free clinic when Father X comes in. You know him well; he is a type 2 diabetic who keeps his sugar under control with diet and exercise but is often in the clinic with homeless patients from the shelter he runs in the Episcopalian church down the block.  

1. Insulin and glucagon release from the pancreas is a vital part of the negative feedback loop that regulates blood glucose levels. Write out this feedback loop and predict how insulin levels will respond to blood glucose. When will insulin levels be highest during the day? When will they be the lowest?

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On this visit, Father X has brought in a thin man in his twenties named Joe. Joe appears confused and lethargic. He is breathing heavily and has a strong fruity odor. Father X tells you he is concerned about Joe because last night Joe was up every half-hour or so to use the bathroom and get water. Father X knows these are signs of diabetes, so he wants to get Joe checked out. He also tells you that Joe has not been drinking; they have a breathalyzer at the shelter, and Joe tested clean when he checked in the night before.

Joe's blood pressure is a little low at 95/60 mm Hg and his heart rate is a little high at 96 bpm. When you take his pulse, you notice that his skin is dry and “tents” up when pinched--a sign of dehydration. His respirations are more rapid than normal, 25 breaths/min., and heavy. His blood glucose is elevated at 320 mg/dL. His urine also contains glucose, and has a lower pH than normal. When you take his history he tells you that type 1 diabetes runs in his family.  

2. Normally, urine does not contain glucose. When blood glucose levels are elevated, however, some of the glucose is lost in the urine. Apply the principle of osmosis to explain why Joe was getting up all night to use the bathroom, and why he has low blood pressure and signs of dehydration.

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3. In type 1 diabetes, the cells in the pancreas which produce insulin are destroyed. Which cells are these? The cells which produce glucagon, however, are not affected. Which cells are these? What will glucagon cause Joe's cells to do?

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4. People with type 1 diabetes commonly have high blood sugar levels but lose weight. Based on the effects insulin and glucagon have on cells, explain this. What compounds do you expect the cells to release into Joe's blood?

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5. The odor on Joe’s breath is from ketones. Why would a man with type 1 diabetes develop high blood ketone levels?

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Why does the cerebral cortex have both visual cortex and a visual association center? What would be the result if the visual cortex was damaged but not the association center? what would be the result if the visual association center was damaged but not the visual cortex?