Fill in Table 1 with the resting membrane potentials reported in different cell types, and different organisms (ie squid, frog, etc) – Discuss the findings – is the resting membrane potential different in different tissue types? Is the resting membrane potential different in the same tissue but from different animals? Discuss why there are differences and what the likely reason for it is physiologically.

Table 1: RMPs of different cells

Explain what factors, structures, and ion channels contribute to establishing and maintaining the resting membrane potential. Draw a cell and show all relevant contributors to the resting membrane potential with explanations of how they contribute to establish and maintain the resting membrane potential.

What cells have a resting membrane potential? Is it only nerve and muscle (excitable) cells?

____ 5. Malignant tumor that develops from bone marrow and occurs most commonly in adolescent boys

____6. Metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis characterized by excessive uric acid in blood and around the joints

____ 7. Rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae

____ 8. Skeletal disease affecting older adults; also called osteitis deformans

____ 9. Chronic, systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and related structures, resulting in crippling deformities

____ 10. Fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

____ 11. Increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture

____ 12. Abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right

____ 13. Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by severe muscular weakness and progressive fatigue

____ 14. Damage incurred to the capsule of the shoulder joint that is reinforced by muscles and tendons

____ 15. Trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch

____ 16. Puncture of a joint space with a needle to remove fluid

____ 17. Visual examination of the interior of a joint performed by inserting an endoscope through a small incision

____ 18. Forward curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, leading to a swayback posture

____ 19. Removal of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

____ 20. Spasmodic contraction of neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting; also called wryneck

What hormone RECEPTOR is found in the membrane of both an ovarian follicular cell and a testicular Sertoli cell and from where does this hormone originate?

one-two sentence answers, please.

Why does untreated diabetes cause glucose to be present in collecting duct fluid?

one-two sentence answers, please, that must include the terms: PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) - “reabsorb” or “reabsorption”.

Please match each term with the appropriate definition.

1)  _____ Synapse

2)  _____ Dendrite

3)  _____ Neurotransmitter

4)  _____ Axon

5)  _____ Myelin

6)  _____ Action potential

A. The portion of the neuron that receives information from the environment

B. The portion of the neuron that conducts action potentials

C. The tiny space between the neuron sending the signal and the cell receiving the signal

D. Special chemicals used to send a signal across the synapse

E. A wave of depolarization and repolarization that travels down an axon

F. A lipid sheath that surrounds and insulates the axon

how is calcium homeostasis using all the systems relevant to its regulation?

What is immune memory and how does it involve lymphocytes?

How are the hypothalamus and pituitary able to control the majority of the endocrine system?

1- Which of the following would be appropriate actions following transcutaneous pacing?

Consult a specialist.

Follow VT/VF algorithm

Administer amiodarone.

Confirm ET tube placement with quantitative waveform capnography.

2- What reason is NOT valid during the critical early defibrillation for individuals experiencing sudden cardiac arrest?

Individuals in asystole respond well to early defibrillation.

A common initial rhythm in out-of-hospital witnessed sudden cardiac arrest is ventricular fibrillation (VF).

The most effective treatment for ventricular fibrillation (VF) is electrical defibrillation.

The probability of successful defibrillation decreases quickly over time.

3-The best treatment for ST-elevation MI (STEMI) is:

Epinephrine and vasopressin

Early reperfusion therapy

Lidocaine and magnesium

Rapid transfusion

How do arteries maintain blood pressure even when the heart isn't pumping out blood during diastole?

In patients with poliomyelitis, motor neurons are destroyed, causing loss of muscle function and even flaccid paralysis. Sometimes recovery occurs because of the formation of axon branches from the remaining motor neurons. These branches innervate the paralyzed muscle fibers to produce motor units with many more muscle fibers than usual, resulting in the recovery of muscle function. What effect would this reinnervation of muscle fibers have on the degree of muscle control in a person who has recovered from poliomyelitis?

Explain the general functions of the digestive system.

Describe how the products of carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion are absorbed from the alimentary canal into the body.

Question 41. Where are Peyer's patched located in the body?

QUESTION 42

1. The thymus gland increases in size as we age.

   True

   False

2 points   

QUESTION 43

1. Which type of COVID-19 antibodies are clinicians interested in detecting in recovered patients?

   		IgE.
   		IgD.
   		IgA.
   		IgG.

2 points   

QUESTION 44

1. Which type of immunity would occur from a vaccine for COVID-19 based on its genetic sequence?

   		Naturally acquired active immunity.
   		Naturally acquired passive immunity.
   		Artificially acquired active immunity.
   		Artificially acquired passive immunity.

2 points   

QUESTION 45

1. Which describes the ability of an antibody to bind pathogenic components of toxins and block its toxic effects?

   		Inflammation.
   		Opsonization.
   		Neutralization.
   		Agglutination.

2 points   

QUESTION 46

1. Which cell secrete antibodies?

   		Plasma cells.
   		T cells.
   		Dendritic cells
   		Antigen-presenting cells.

2 points   

QUESTION 47

1. All are cardinal signs of inflammation EXCEPT:

   		Swelling.
   		Heat.
   		Pain.
   		Bruising.

2 points   

QUESTION 48

1. Class II MHC molecules are only found on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells.

   True

   False

2 points   

QUESTION 49

1. Which are a group of 30 plasma antimicrobial proteins that are activated in a series of enzymatic reactions?

   		Complement.
   		Interferons.
   		Immunoglobulins.
   		Lysozymes.

2 points   

QUESTION 50

1. Which type of cells are reduced in AIDS?

   		Helper T cells.
   		Cytotoxic T cells.
   		Memory T cells.
   		B cells.

QUESTION 31

1. Hyperventilation will increase blood pH.

   True

   False

QUESTION 32

1. Which is the intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration?

   		760 mm Hg.
   		754 mm Hg.
   		758 mm HJg.
   		762 mm Hg.

QUESTION 33

1. Which occurs in response to contraction of the diaphragm?

   		The thoracic volume decreases and inspiration occurs.
   		The thoracic volume increases and expiration occurs.
   		The thoracic volume decreases and expiration occurs.
   		The thoracic volume increases and inspiration occurs.

QUESTION 34

1. Which is the major way carbon dioxide is transported in the body?

   		Bound to hemoglobin.
   		Dissolved in plasma.
   		Bound to myoglobin.
   		As bicarbonate ions in the blood.

QUESTION 35

1. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the reaction: carbonic acid --> hydrogen ions + bicarbonate.

   True

   False

QUESTION 36

1. Surfactant will increase the alveolar surface tenasion.

   True

   False

QUESTION 37

1. Which is the major type of connective tissue found in lymphatic tissue?

   		Reticular.
   		Adipose.
   		Dense irregular.
   		Areolar.

QUESTION 38

1. All are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT:

   		Regulation of interstitial fluid volume.
   		Absorption of dietary fats.
   		Immune functions.
   		Oxygen transport.

QUESTION 39

1. Which organ protects the body from blood pathogens?

   		Spleen.
   		Thyroid.
   		Thymus.
   		Lymph nodes.

QUESTION 40

1. All are characteristic of lymphatic vessels EXCEPT:

   		They have endothelial cells.
   		They have flaps that open and close.
   		They have valves.
   		Lymph fluid moves towards the tissues.