Suzy is a 14 year old with pulmonary fibrosis. This disease causes progressive scarring of the lungs and therefore, reduced inspiratory volumes and chronic hypoxemia. Suzy is very inquisitive. Due to her disease, she knows that when she breathes in, her lungs help to bring oxygen into her blood, and when she breathes out, she gets rid of carbon dioxide from her blood. At her appointment today, you note that she has cyanosis (blue coloration) and clubbing in her fingers and toes – symptoms of hypoxemia. When Suzy asks why her fingers and toes look the way they do, you tell her that she is not getting enough oxygen to them. This answer does not satisfy Suzy! She then asks:

1. “How EXACTLY does oxygen get into my blood and carbon dioxide get out of my blood when I breathe?” (How do I oxygenate my blood?)

2. “And how does the oxygen get from my blood into my toes and fingers so they won’t turn blue?” (How do I oxygenate my tissues?)

Be thorough (or Suzy will just keep asking “how…why?” She is annoying like that!)

For both 1 and 2: Be sure you describe the events in the correct sequence. Your answer should include the how each gas’s partial pressure affects its diffusion, and the chemical reactions that occur within the blood during gas exchange.

3. Concerned, the doctor asks you to determine Suzy’s inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Using a spirometer, you measure her tidal volume (TV) at 100 mL, expiatory reserve volume (ERV) at 800 mL, and her vital capacity (VC) at 1100 mL. What is her inspiratory reserve volume?

4. Finally, you treat Suzy by giving oxygen via a mask. Explain why this would be helpful in oxygenating her blood even though her inspiratory volumes are reduced.

discuss lungs volume

What would happen to a pregnancy if you removed the corpus luteum during the initial stages of conceptus development? Explain why

What would happen to a pregnancy if you prevented hCG levels from rising during the initial stages of conceptus development?

What are the different shock types, causes, and clinical manifestations?

Using the gonadostat theory of puberty as a framework, how do you think the positive feedback effects of estradiol change during puberty? Explain your answer in terms of the sensitivity of feedback systems. There is no need to reference the coincidence model of ovulation to answer this question

In your own words, describe the physiologic functions of the following gastric secretions: hydrochloric acid, pepsin, gastric lipase, intrinsic factor. In your own words, describe the stages of gastric activity: cephalic, gastric, and intestinal.

a. You sprained your ankle. What two things can be done to aspirin to reduce stomach bleeding and explain why it works.

b. Explain how taking Aspirin reduces one's risk of heart attacks.

NOTE: Include in your answer the physiology of the systems involved.

HOW? The salicylic portion of aspirin INHIBITS the synthesis of PROSTAGLANDINS by INHIBITING CYCLOOXYGENASE - this does not allow prostaglandin to do its job - blood clotting (plateletts aggregate).

c. What is the general relationship between the hormone prostaglandin and the roles of Aspirin, Ibuprofen and Naproxen?

1) Outline the primary mechanism of control of the thyroid gland via the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Include all hormones involved.

Describe the special sense of vision in detail. How is the stimulus/signal received? How is it processed in our brain (pathway) and where

Describe TWO of four special senses, your choice (hearing, taste, smell, or equilibrium), in detail. How is the stimulus/signal received? How is it processed in our brain (pathway) and where

Assisted reproductive technology, such as egg donation and in-vitro fertilization, has made the news. Describe one or more of these new medical techniques, including pros and cons.

1. What is responsible for wave summation:

1. Reduced zone of overlap
2. Excess ATP in the sarcoplasm between muscle contractions
3. Excess calcium in the sarcoplasm between muscle contractions
4. Over compressed sarcomeres

2. Which of the following is incorrect:

1. Curare mediates presynaptic blockade
2. The motor end plate contains nicotinic receptors
3. Junctional folds are sarcolemma
4. T tubules contain voltage-gated Na+ channels
5. The SR membrane contains RyR, CSQ, and SERCA

3. Which of the following associations is incorrect

1. Fast-twitch fibers :   Myoglobin
2. Type llx fibers   :   Powerful/quick contractions
3. Red meat    :    Slow twitch fibers
4. “Pay as you twitch” fibers   :   Relatively fatigue resistant

4. Which of the following proteins does Ca2+ bind to once it is released from the SR:

1. G-actin
2. Tropomyosin
3. Nebulin
4. Troponin

5. In the knee jerk reflex, which muscle group is being inhibited

1. Quadriceps
2. Calves
3. Hamstrings
4. Glutes

1. Explain how a vaccine can induce a secondary response to a viral infection.

1. Which of the following statements is incorrect:

1. A cross section of an “I” band would not contain myosin
2. The zone of Overlap gets bigger when “Z” lines move closer together
3. The Myosin head bonds to the active site of a G actin monomer
4. The “A” band shortens when a sarcomere contracts

2. Depolarization down a T Tubule Results in the activation of:

1. SERCA
2. RyR
3. CSQ
4. DHPR

3. How many “I” bands are present in one sarcomere:

1. 0
2. 1
3. 2
4. 3
5. 4

4. Which region of a sarcomere gets wider during contraction:

1. H zone
2. Zone of overlap
3. A band
4. I band

5. What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA):

1. Pump calcium out of a t tubule
2. Pump calcium into a t tubule
3. Pump calcium back into the SR
4. Pump calcium out of the SR