Question

a)-Discuss the pre-pancreatic enzymes of digestion and include one usual abnormal finding

a)_Discuss the nutrients that feed and are absorbed into the body. Be specific on the caloric value of each.

Answer 1

(a)Pancreas is a mixed gland which has both endocrine and exocrine function .The exocrine pancreatic acini helps in the secretion of pancreatic juice, which is also known as complete digestive juice as it digest all the nutrients such as carbohydrate,proteins and fats.

Pancreas is normally responsible for containing zymogenic or inactive form of enzymes such as trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pro carboxypeptidase , proelastase, which are activated by enterokinase and trypsin respectively...which means the pro-pancreatic enzymes trypsinogen first activated to it's active form trypsin from enterokinase then it activates all the inactive enzymes.

Pancreas containing pancreatic juice which is responsible for digestion of carbohydrates,fats ,proteins and nucleic acid.Pancreatic amylase which is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells ,helps in digestion of carbohydrates..whereas pancreatic lipase helps in breakdown of fats and ribonuclease is digest nucleic acids .

The digestion of proteins occurs by peptidase which contain trypsin, chymotrypsin,elastase and carboxypeptidase..all enzymes are initially present in zymogenic form and secreted by pancreatic acinar cells and helps in breakdown of protein into peptides. Carboxypeptidase helps in breaking amino acid at carboxyl end of peptides..so it will give product amino acid and peptides.

Pancreatic lipase digest triglycerides into fatty acids and monosaccharides whereas amylase digest starches into maltose,maltotriose and alpha dextrin.

#The one abnormal findings is that as the amount of pancreatic amylase and lipase were sometimes found increase and results into pancreatitis.As we know the peptidase are present in their inactive form, so they are not present in increased level on the contrary amylase and lipase may increase 3 times as compare to normal.The main reason behind this is the normal secretion of amylase and lipase occur in the pancreas but not passes to the duct and still present in the pancreas additionally causes irritation ,inflammation and injury to the pancreatic tissue.

(b)In food normally carbohydrates,proteins,vitamins ,fats and minerals are taken as nutrients, which are absorbed by the small intestine of our digestive systems.The ileum of small intestine responsible of all the nutrients absorption,it contain villi and microvilli for complete absortion. The carbohydrates breakdown into monosaccharides , proteins into amino acid passes into the capillaries of villi and fatty acids,glycerols and monoglycerides into lacteals.

other nutritional material such as vitamins,mineral salts and water are absorbed from small intestine to blood capillaries.Lipid soluble vitamins are absorbed into lacteals along with fatty acids and glycerol.Vitamin B12 combines with intrinsic factors in stomach and also absorbed in terminal ileum.

Absorption of water,mineral salts,vitamins also occur in blood capillaries of large intestine.

##Caloric value refers as the nutrients gives the nutrients.The maximum energy provided by fats.