The pre-potential (resting potential) of pacemaker cells is produced by the opening of ________ at the end of an action potential.

A. fast Ca2+ channels

B. slow Na+ channels

C. slow Ca2+ channels

D. K+ channels

In roughly 3 pages, reflect upon the reasons WHY the sugar is in existence to begin with, explain your thoughts/feelings about this. Do you foresee any changes in the future? Explain. Take a stance, for or against sugar and/or forms of sugar in our food. 
A fairly solid reason explanation of WHY you feel this way. Make clear your personal feelings/beliefs about the use of sugar. Clarify your position by citing reasons and give examples. Include at least four references.

1. Describe the chemical and electrical properties of an action potential. In your answer, describe the movement of Na+ ions and K+ ions across the cell membrane and the resulting changes in electrical potential.

2. Compare and contrast EEG and MEG. Highlight their similarities and differences in your answer.

In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the

Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure?

Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

A young couple visits a fertility clinic and asks the doctor to explain the basic phenomenon
that lead to conception and implantation.
A. Write down the phases of fertilization (3)
B. What is the normal site of implantation and also explain the layer of uterus in which implantation
takes place. (3)
C. Enlist the changes occurring during the third week of development. (4)

Describe a trait/disease for codominant inheritance in blood type and use a Punnett square to demonstrate the inheritance of the trait/disease (include phenotypic ratios, genotype ratio, genotype of parents and phenotype of parents) Show your key.

Pick two of the following methods and briefly describe how they work. For each method that is chosen, include a description of a research question (real or hypothetical) for each method, and please explain why it why chosen. Be as descriptive as possible

Following methods to choose from: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) electroencephalography (EEG) computed tomography (CT) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

1. Describe a visual field experiment involving a patient who has undergone the split-brain procedure. Answer should include at least one example of a question this person would not be able to answer under these conditions.
2. what role does an isotope plays in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)? Can you include an example for better clarification.

Consider the osteon and the arrangement of the concentric circles.

• Discuss the direction of the osteon in compact, cortical bone, and in spongy bone.
• What are some similarities and differences and why?

chief Complaint: 40-year-old man with a cough and dyspnea. History: Joe Butt, a 40-year-old white male with a 52-pack-year smoking history suffered from chronic bronchitis. For the last several months he has been on an antibiotics treatment. Three weeks ago, his otherwise normal smoker’s cough started producing bloody sputum ("hemoptysis"). In the past week Joe has become increasingly short of breath ("dyspnea"). A routine chest X-ray revealed a couple of quarter-sized opacities in his right lung around the alveoli. Bronchoscopic examination revealed the tumors were nearly occluding two major bronchioles in his right lung. A bronchial biopsy revealed the diagnosis: bronchogenic carcinoma. Questions: 1. What is "bronchogenic carcinoma"? What medical professional most likely confirmed the nature of the biopsy? 2. Describe the structure of the bronchial epithelium. How many layers of cells make up this tissue? 3. Describe what the “mucociliary escalator" is and it’s function in the respiratory system. 4. What two conditions do you think have led to Joe experiencing a shortness of breath ("dyspnea")? 5. What is the most likely or common way that this type of cancer may metastasize (i.e. spreading to other parts of the body)?

As spermatozoa travel through the epididymal duct they gain key factors that are needed for the spermatozoa to function outside of the male reproductive tract. What does each segment of the epididymis contribute? Include a drawing to illustrate your answer in the same below.

In order to lose weight, a person must be ________________.

Bony tissue is arranged in concentric rings called osteons (or Haversian systems).

Consider what you learned about intracellular communication from chapter 4, and explain the following:

• How osteocytes communicate with each other
• What role is played by the lacunae, the canaliculi, the central arteries and the perforating arteries (Volkmann's arteries).
• Additionally, consider cellular growth, nutrition, and repair in relation to osteocytes.