Within the female Anopheles mosquito, the malaria-causing protist, Plasmodium sp., is in a gametocyte form, whereby the male gametocyte (microgamete) enters the female gametocyte (macrogamete) to form an ookinete that develops into an oocyst within the midgut of the mosquito. Within the oocyst, multiple sporozoites form, which upon rupturing of the oocyst the sporozoites are released and can infect humans when the female mosquito seeks out a blood meal and inoculates humans with their saliva.

Once entering the human bloodstream the Plasmodium undergoes two life cycle stages. The first is the exo-erythrocytic stage whereby the sporozoites enter hepatocytes and become schizonts that undergo asexual multiple divisions (hence their name). When the hepatocytes rupture merozoites are released and enter the bloodstream where they infect erythrocytes, which begins the second life cycle stage called the erythrocytic stage. Plasmodium uses erythrocyte surface antigens called Duffy factors to enter the cell. Upon entering the erythrocyte the merozoites become schizonts that fill the erythrocyte and eventually cause it to rupture and release more merozoites. These merozoites either re-infect erythrocytes or become gametocytes, which are taken up by Anopheles mosquitos when taking a blood meal.

While in erythrocytes, Plasmodium alters the surface proteins of the erythrocyte so that it will adhere to blood vessel walls, rather than pass through the spleen where infected erythrocytes are destroyed. Adhering erythrocytes occlude blood vessels and reduce blood flow, a conditioned called ischemia. Likewise, these adhering erythrocytes can pass Plasmodium through the blood vessel lining and into organs, which include passing through the blood-brain barrier and causing cerebral malaria.

a) What assumption can be made about Plasmodium’s ability to evade detection by the immune system? If detected, which Plasmodium life stages would be identified and why?

b) What cellular event marks the end of the exo-erythrocytis and erythrocytic stages? Will this event alter blood plasma cation concentrations? If yes, how and what (if any) would the repercussions be on neuronal potentials?

c) During ischemia, what type of metabolism is taking place in tissue deprived of oxygen? What metabolic by-product will accumulate in the tissue?

d) Systemic tissue cells have potassium/proton exchangers in their plasma membranes. What effect will this have on neuronal potentials?

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, __________.

• the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient

• the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient

• the A antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient

• the B antigen from the recipient reacts with anti-B antibody in the donor

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?

• Macrophages

• B cells

• Cytotoxic T cells

• All of these choices are correct answers.

• Only the first and second choices are correct answers.

Guidelines - Shifting Perspective Essay

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES PAPER

(750 - 1000 Words)

Purpose

The purpose of this assignment is to help you (1) understand how others view an interpersonal issue, (2) recognize the merits and drawbacks of each person’s perspective and (3) recognize how an interpersonal issue may not be as important as it first seems. Although understanding perception is difficult, the reward of increased empathy is well worth the effort.

Instructions

Select one disagreement or other issue which is now affecting an interpersonal relationship in your life. Record enough background information for an outsider to understand the issue (Who is involved? How long has the disagreement been going on? What are the basic issues involved?). Describe the issue from each of the four positions listed below.  Record your considerations at the end of this exercise. Pages 131-132; 134-135 of your text will be especially helpful to you while preparing for this assignment.

Construct your paper as an essay following the format below. It should be no longer than 1000 words.

Section 1 – Background Information

Position 1:  Explain how you are right and the other person is wrong

Position 2:  Explain how the other person’s position is correct, or at least understandable

Position 3:  Show that there are both correct (or understandable) and mistaken (or unreasonable) parts of both positions

Position 4:      

1. Describe at least two ways in which the elements developed in positions 1 – 3 might affect your relationship.
2. Describe at least one way in which the issue might be seen as less important than it was originally
3. Describe at least one way in which the issue might be seen as more important than it was originally

Section 2 – Your Considerations

What additional considerations or input do you have on the situation?

Interpersonal Communication Essay!!

In the posterior midline of the vertebral arch, the ____________ projects posteriorly from the right and left laminae.

Describe the anatomy and the process of leather formation. Which layer(s) of the skin is involved?

An antagonist is a muscle that _____.a. sablizes a joint,b. directly performs a specific movement, c.contracts at the time as other muscles. contracts in direct opposition to another muscle

The pre-potential (resting potential) of pacemaker cells is produced by the opening of ________ at the end of an action potential.

A. fast Ca2+ channels

B. slow Na+ channels

C. slow Ca2+ channels

D. K+ channels

In roughly 3 pages, reflect upon the reasons WHY the sugar is in existence to begin with, explain your thoughts/feelings about this. Do you foresee any changes in the future? Explain. Take a stance, for or against sugar and/or forms of sugar in our food. 
A fairly solid reason explanation of WHY you feel this way. Make clear your personal feelings/beliefs about the use of sugar. Clarify your position by citing reasons and give examples. Include at least four references.

1. Describe the chemical and electrical properties of an action potential. In your answer, describe the movement of Na+ ions and K+ ions across the cell membrane and the resulting changes in electrical potential.

2. Compare and contrast EEG and MEG. Highlight their similarities and differences in your answer.

In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the

Which of the following does NOT contribute to venous blood pressure?

Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance.

A young couple visits a fertility clinic and asks the doctor to explain the basic phenomenon
that lead to conception and implantation.
A. Write down the phases of fertilization (3)
B. What is the normal site of implantation and also explain the layer of uterus in which implantation
takes place. (3)
C. Enlist the changes occurring during the third week of development. (4)

Describe a trait/disease for codominant inheritance in blood type and use a Punnett square to demonstrate the inheritance of the trait/disease (include phenotypic ratios, genotype ratio, genotype of parents and phenotype of parents) Show your key.

Pick two of the following methods and briefly describe how they work. For each method that is chosen, include a description of a research question (real or hypothetical) for each method, and please explain why it why chosen. Be as descriptive as possible

Following methods to choose from: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) electroencephalography (EEG) computed tomography (CT) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

1. Describe a visual field experiment involving a patient who has undergone the split-brain procedure. Answer should include at least one example of a question this person would not be able to answer under these conditions.
2. what role does an isotope plays in Positron Emission Tomography (PET)? Can you include an example for better clarification.