Cat Circulatory System

Matching

1. Organize the epidemiology of the patella to support weight and knee exercise in lower limb joint exercise.

2. Explain the reason why the cross-sectional area in the shape of the two bones of the forearm is not constant in the longitudinal direction in terms of ease of rotation.

3. Explain the cause of the formation of Trebeculae in bone, the aspect of direction, and the cause of direction.

The body goes through absorptive and postabsorptive states throughout the course of 24 hours, as illustrated in Figure 25-11 in your textbook. The nutrient pools (glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid) illustrated in Figure 25-1 vary in size during these states as the body absorbs these nutrients from food, uses them for energy production, puts them into or releases them from storage, or builds/breaks down body structure.The body has multiple hormonally-driven mechanisms by which to maintain a relatively constant glucose pool in order to ensure that adequate glucose is always available for the brain.  Neurons rely almost exclusively on glucose and cannot use fatty acids or amino acids as an alternate source.

The mass balance equation can be applied to the glucose pool.  Recall that the equation states that in order to maintain balance of a particular substance, the intake of that substance + its metabolic production must equal excretion of that substance + metabolic removal of that substance.

Intake + metabolic production = Excretion + metabolic removal

1. Your first task is to apply the mass balance equation to the maintenance of the glucose pool during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.  

For each state, you need to explain how each of the parts of the equation contribute to increases/decreases in the glucose pool, and the internal mechanisms that are employed to counteract those changes to restore balance. As part of your explanation, you need to include the specific organs/tissues, hormones, and metabolic processes that are involved.  For each hormone, include what leads to its release, cell types it targets, and what it stimulates the targets to do.

2. Your second task is to apply the mass balance equation to the regulation of blood glucose, or lack thereof, in someone who suffers from diabetes mellitus.   Describe what part(s) of the equation are not functioning properly.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of classic symptoms:  excessive hunger and thirst, weight loss, and excessive urination.  Explain these symptoms by applying the mass balance equation, absorptive vs. postabsorptive states, and nutrient pools.

Read the coding guideline B3.2a. Multiple procedures. Apply the guideline to the following case and answer the questions. What is the root operation? Is there one procedure code or multiple procedure codes? Do all the codes have the same root operation or different? Do a research on what are condylomas? Which body system do they affect? What is the approach used in this procedure(s)? Provide the procedure code(s).

B3.2a- During the same operative episode, multiple procedures are coded if: a. The same root operation is performed on different body parts as defined by distinct values of the body part character. Examples: Diagnostic excision of liver and pancreas are coded separately.

Question:

The patient has condylomas of the cervix, vag-ina and vulva. Laser speculum was inserted via the vag-ina and using Xener on 20-watt setting the laser was used to obliterate the condyloma in both vag-ina and cervix. The laser speculum was then removed. The laser was then used to obliterate the third condyloma in the vulva area.

This is a multi-tier question, please read carefully and answer all parts.

Mr. L. works with pesticides and is accidentally exposed to a nicotinic agonist.

1. Focusing on motor output only, on which cell types would the nicotinic agonist work?
2. What effect would it have on somatic motor output? Why?
3. Where would it act to affect ANS motor output?  
4. Which division(s) would be affected? Explain your answer.
5. Describe a treatment that could be given to counteract the effect of the pesticide and justify your treatment by indicating how it would improve function.

1. A paper edge slices your left index finger and you immediately move your hand away but it takes a few moments before you are “aware” of the pain. Then, by lightly rubbing the area, the pain disappears.

A. Name and diagram the reflex pathwaythat allowed you to remove your hand.

B. Why was the “feeling of pain” delayed? Where would this information ultimately have been interpreted? Name the fiber type associated with the primary afferent involved, and name the somatosensensory pathway it would have taken to get to the ultimate processing area.

C. Explain why light rubbing removed the pain sensation.

1. Mrs. J is in a car accident and her right leg is pinned under the crushed dashboard of her car. She is very scared and although she is in pain her endogenous pain suppression system is keeping it manageable. She is finally extracted from her car by emergency services and although she is relieved to be free from her car, the pain from her leg intensifies. The emergency personnel start her on a morphine drip (an exogenous pain medication) and she is transported to the nearest hospital. Unfortunately, her leg is too damaged to save and has to be amputated. Even though the damaged leg is removed, Mrs. J still swears that it is there because she can feel the pain and tingling coming from her toes. (10 points total)

1. What is the name given to the primary sensory receptors that transduce pain? (1)

2. Where does this primary sensory neuron synapse? (Be specific) (1)

3. What pathway carries pain sensation to the cortex to be perceived? (1)

4. In addition to synapsing at the thalamus before being relayed to the cortex a collateral branch from this pathway is also sent to the reticular formation. What role does the reticular formation play in pain perception? (1)

5. Name and briefly explain the mechanisms associated with two different endogenous pain suppression mechanisms that could have been activated while Mrs. J was trapped in her car. (4)

6. What name can be given to the phenomenon that makes Mrs. J believe her limb is still there? (1)

7. Briefly describe how this occurs. (1)

1. An electrophysiologist is studying the electrical properties of an isolated squid neuron placed in normal extracellular fluid. She places a recording electrode inside the cell to record the potential difference across the membrane. She records a resting membrane potential of -70 mV.

1. Name three factors that contribute to this resting membrane potential and explain “how” they contribute to this negative value

1. A young man has suffered a spinal injury from being tackled while playing football. The doctor suspects he has a dislocated lumbar vertebra (just below the waist) that is compressing his spinal cord and that he will probably need surgery to restore normal function. To assess the extent of his problem, a number of tests are conducted:
   1. Knee jerk reflex – normal for both legs
   2. A prick to the bottom of the patient’s right foot produces a withdrawal of the right leg and an extension of the opposite leg and the patient says that he felt a sharp prick.
   3. A prick to the bottom of the patient’s left foot produces a withdrawal of the left leg and an extension the opposite leg but the patient does not feel the prick.
   4. The doctor tells the patient to lift his right leg and then his left leg – the patient does both tasks without difficulty.
   5. The doctor tells the patient to wiggle the toes on his right foot and his left foot – the patient cannot wiggle the toes of his right foot, but has no trouble wiggling the toes of his left foot.
   6. The doctor rubs an ice cube on the bottom of the patient’s feet and asks him to describe what he feels. The patient reports a smooth cold object when the ice cube is rubbed along the bottom of his right foot, but he only reports feeling a smooth object moving along the bottom of his left foot.

1. What is each test trying to assess - a spinal cord reflex, a sensory pathway, a motor pathway?   Provide specific names of pathways where appropriate.
2. What pathways were affected by his injury? Describe the basic features of these pathways including: the kind of information carried, where the information is coming from, where it is going to, the fiber type(s) involved, and where the major synapses/crossovers occur.

1. Mrs. J is in a car accident and her right leg is pinned under the crushed dashboard of her car. She is very scared and although she is in pain her endogenous pain suppression system is keeping it manageable. She is finally extracted from her car by emergency services and although she is relieved to be free from her car, the pain from her leg intensifies. The emergency personnel start her on a morphine drip (an exogenous pain medication) and she is transported to the nearest hospital. Unfortunately, her leg is too damaged to save and has to be amputated. Even though the damaged leg is removed, Mrs. J still swears that it is there because she can feel the pain and tingling coming from her toes. (10 points total)

1. What is the name given to the primary sensory receptors that transduce pain? (1)

2. Where does this primary sensory neuron synapse? (Be specific) (1)

3. What pathway carries pain sensation to the cortex to be perceived? (1)

4. In addition to synapsing at the thalamus before being relayed to the cortex a collateral branch from this pathway is also sent to the reticular formation. What role does the reticular formation play in pain perception? (1)

5. Name and briefly explain the mechanisms associated with two different endogenous pain suppression mechanisms that could have been activated while Mrs. J was trapped in her car. (4)

6. What name can be given to the phenomenon that makes Mrs. J believe her limb is still there? (1)
7. Briefly describe how this occurs. (1)

1. Compare and contrast autonomic and somatic motor units.
   1. Include the type(s) of motor neuron(s) involved, where they originate from, the highest command center from which their output can be controlled, their effector tissue(s) the neurotransmitters released and what receptors would be present on the effector tissue.
   2. Discuss all the features required for cholinergic neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction associated with skeletal muscle. What additional features are required to complete the “excitation” portion of the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism?

Epidemiology: Calculate the answers using the table.

Find the incidence proportion:

Find the Attack rate:

Find the food-specific attack rate:

Find the risk ratio:

Do both biblical and scientific research and discuss your theory on why individuals should not eat blood. Does your research impact how you view God? Does it impact how you view blood?