1. Mrs. J is in a car accident and her right leg is pinned under the crushed dashboard of her car. She is very scared and although she is in pain her endogenous pain suppression system is keeping it manageable. She is finally extracted from her car by emergency services and although she is relieved to be free from her car, the pain from her leg intensifies. The emergency personnel start her on a morphine drip (an exogenous pain medication) and she is transported to the nearest hospital. Unfortunately, her leg is too damaged to save and has to be amputated. Even though the damaged leg is removed, Mrs. J still swears that it is there because she can feel the pain and tingling coming from her toes. (10 points total)

1. What is the name given to the primary sensory receptors that transduce pain? (1)

2. Where does this primary sensory neuron synapse? (Be specific) (1)

3. What pathway carries pain sensation to the cortex to be perceived? (1)

4. In addition to synapsing at the thalamus before being relayed to the cortex a collateral branch from this pathway is also sent to the reticular formation. What role does the reticular formation play in pain perception? (1)

5. Name and briefly explain the mechanisms associated with two different endogenous pain suppression mechanisms that could have been activated while Mrs. J was trapped in her car. (4)

6. What name can be given to the phenomenon that makes Mrs. J believe her limb is still there? (1)

7. Briefly describe how this occurs. (1)

1. An electrophysiologist is studying the electrical properties of an isolated squid neuron placed in normal extracellular fluid. She places a recording electrode inside the cell to record the potential difference across the membrane. She records a resting membrane potential of -70 mV.

1. Name three factors that contribute to this resting membrane potential and explain “how” they contribute to this negative value

1. A young man has suffered a spinal injury from being tackled while playing football. The doctor suspects he has a dislocated lumbar vertebra (just below the waist) that is compressing his spinal cord and that he will probably need surgery to restore normal function. To assess the extent of his problem, a number of tests are conducted:
   1. Knee jerk reflex – normal for both legs
   2. A prick to the bottom of the patient’s right foot produces a withdrawal of the right leg and an extension of the opposite leg and the patient says that he felt a sharp prick.
   3. A prick to the bottom of the patient’s left foot produces a withdrawal of the left leg and an extension the opposite leg but the patient does not feel the prick.
   4. The doctor tells the patient to lift his right leg and then his left leg – the patient does both tasks without difficulty.
   5. The doctor tells the patient to wiggle the toes on his right foot and his left foot – the patient cannot wiggle the toes of his right foot, but has no trouble wiggling the toes of his left foot.
   6. The doctor rubs an ice cube on the bottom of the patient’s feet and asks him to describe what he feels. The patient reports a smooth cold object when the ice cube is rubbed along the bottom of his right foot, but he only reports feeling a smooth object moving along the bottom of his left foot.

1. What is each test trying to assess - a spinal cord reflex, a sensory pathway, a motor pathway?   Provide specific names of pathways where appropriate.
2. What pathways were affected by his injury? Describe the basic features of these pathways including: the kind of information carried, where the information is coming from, where it is going to, the fiber type(s) involved, and where the major synapses/crossovers occur.

1. Mrs. J is in a car accident and her right leg is pinned under the crushed dashboard of her car. She is very scared and although she is in pain her endogenous pain suppression system is keeping it manageable. She is finally extracted from her car by emergency services and although she is relieved to be free from her car, the pain from her leg intensifies. The emergency personnel start her on a morphine drip (an exogenous pain medication) and she is transported to the nearest hospital. Unfortunately, her leg is too damaged to save and has to be amputated. Even though the damaged leg is removed, Mrs. J still swears that it is there because she can feel the pain and tingling coming from her toes. (10 points total)

1. What is the name given to the primary sensory receptors that transduce pain? (1)

2. Where does this primary sensory neuron synapse? (Be specific) (1)

3. What pathway carries pain sensation to the cortex to be perceived? (1)

4. In addition to synapsing at the thalamus before being relayed to the cortex a collateral branch from this pathway is also sent to the reticular formation. What role does the reticular formation play in pain perception? (1)

5. Name and briefly explain the mechanisms associated with two different endogenous pain suppression mechanisms that could have been activated while Mrs. J was trapped in her car. (4)

6. What name can be given to the phenomenon that makes Mrs. J believe her limb is still there? (1)
7. Briefly describe how this occurs. (1)

1. Compare and contrast autonomic and somatic motor units.
   1. Include the type(s) of motor neuron(s) involved, where they originate from, the highest command center from which their output can be controlled, their effector tissue(s) the neurotransmitters released and what receptors would be present on the effector tissue.
   2. Discuss all the features required for cholinergic neurotransmission at the neuromuscular junction associated with skeletal muscle. What additional features are required to complete the “excitation” portion of the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism?

Epidemiology: Calculate the answers using the table.

Find the incidence proportion:

Find the Attack rate:

Find the food-specific attack rate:

Find the risk ratio:

Do both biblical and scientific research and discuss your theory on why individuals should not eat blood. Does your research impact how you view God? Does it impact how you view blood?

Within the female Anopheles mosquito, the malaria-causing protist, Plasmodium sp., is in a gametocyte form, whereby the male gametocyte (microgamete) enters the female gametocyte (macrogamete) to form an ookinete that develops into an oocyst within the midgut of the mosquito. Within the oocyst, multiple sporozoites form, which upon rupturing of the oocyst the sporozoites are released and can infect humans when the female mosquito seeks out a blood meal and inoculates humans with their saliva.

Once entering the human bloodstream the Plasmodium undergoes two life cycle stages. The first is the exo-erythrocytic stage whereby the sporozoites enter hepatocytes and become schizonts that undergo asexual multiple divisions (hence their name). When the hepatocytes rupture merozoites are released and enter the bloodstream where they infect erythrocytes, which begins the second life cycle stage called the erythrocytic stage. Plasmodium uses erythrocyte surface antigens called Duffy factors to enter the cell. Upon entering the erythrocyte the merozoites become schizonts that fill the erythrocyte and eventually cause it to rupture and release more merozoites. These merozoites either re-infect erythrocytes or become gametocytes, which are taken up by Anopheles mosquitos when taking a blood meal.

While in erythrocytes, Plasmodium alters the surface proteins of the erythrocyte so that it will adhere to blood vessel walls, rather than pass through the spleen where infected erythrocytes are destroyed. Adhering erythrocytes occlude blood vessels and reduce blood flow, a conditioned called ischemia. Likewise, these adhering erythrocytes can pass Plasmodium through the blood vessel lining and into organs, which include passing through the blood-brain barrier and causing cerebral malaria.

a) What assumption can be made about Plasmodium’s ability to evade detection by the immune system? If detected, which Plasmodium life stages would be identified and why?

b) What cellular event marks the end of the exo-erythrocytis and erythrocytic stages? Will this event alter blood plasma cation concentrations? If yes, how and what (if any) would the repercussions be on neuronal potentials?

c) During ischemia, what type of metabolism is taking place in tissue deprived of oxygen? What metabolic by-product will accumulate in the tissue?

d) Systemic tissue cells have potassium/proton exchangers in their plasma membranes. What effect will this have on neuronal potentials?

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood, __________.

• the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient

• the B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient

• the A antigen from the donor reacts with anti-A antibody in the recipient

• the B antigen from the recipient reacts with anti-B antibody in the donor

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?

• Macrophages

• B cells

• Cytotoxic T cells

• All of these choices are correct answers.

• Only the first and second choices are correct answers.

Guidelines - Shifting Perspective Essay

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

SHIFTING PERSPECTIVES PAPER

(750 - 1000 Words)

Purpose

The purpose of this assignment is to help you (1) understand how others view an interpersonal issue, (2) recognize the merits and drawbacks of each person’s perspective and (3) recognize how an interpersonal issue may not be as important as it first seems. Although understanding perception is difficult, the reward of increased empathy is well worth the effort.

Instructions

Select one disagreement or other issue which is now affecting an interpersonal relationship in your life. Record enough background information for an outsider to understand the issue (Who is involved? How long has the disagreement been going on? What are the basic issues involved?). Describe the issue from each of the four positions listed below.  Record your considerations at the end of this exercise. Pages 131-132; 134-135 of your text will be especially helpful to you while preparing for this assignment.

Construct your paper as an essay following the format below. It should be no longer than 1000 words.

Section 1 – Background Information

Position 1:  Explain how you are right and the other person is wrong

Position 2:  Explain how the other person’s position is correct, or at least understandable

Position 3:  Show that there are both correct (or understandable) and mistaken (or unreasonable) parts of both positions

Position 4:      

1. Describe at least two ways in which the elements developed in positions 1 – 3 might affect your relationship.
2. Describe at least one way in which the issue might be seen as less important than it was originally
3. Describe at least one way in which the issue might be seen as more important than it was originally

Section 2 – Your Considerations

What additional considerations or input do you have on the situation?

Interpersonal Communication Essay!!

In the posterior midline of the vertebral arch, the ____________ projects posteriorly from the right and left laminae.

Describe the anatomy and the process of leather formation. Which layer(s) of the skin is involved?

An antagonist is a muscle that _____.a. sablizes a joint,b. directly performs a specific movement, c.contracts at the time as other muscles. contracts in direct opposition to another muscle