QUESTION 1

1. Please match the genotypic blood types with their respective phenotypic blood types. Note, you may use answer choices more than once and may not use all the answer choices.

   -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    OO : +/-       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    AA : -/-       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    AB : +/+       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    BB : -/-       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    AO : -/-       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    OO : -/-       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    AB : +/+       -       A.       B.       C.       D.       E.       F.       G.       H.    BO : -/-

   A. AB Negative B. A Positive C. O Positive D. O Negative E. B Positive F. B Negative G. A Negative H. AB Positive

2 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Please indicate whether the donor and recipient combination are compatible or incompatible (IE will result in a transfusion reaction where the donors blood will agglutinate with the recipients blood). Note, you may use each answer more than once, AND FOR D ANTIGEN ASSUME IT IS A SECOND EXPOSURE

   -       A.       B.    Donor - A Positive : Recipient - B Negative       -       A.       B.    Donor - O Negative : Recipient - B Positive       -       A.       B.    Donor: A Positive : Recipient - A Negative       -       A.       B.    Donor - O Positive : Recipient - AB Negative       -       A.       B.    Donor - O Negative : Recipient - O Positive       -       A.       B.    Donor - B Positive : Recipient - AB Positive       -       A.       B.    Donor - AB Positive : Recipient - A Positive       -       A.       B.    Donor - B Negative : Recipient - B Positive

   A. Incompatible B. Compatible

2 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Transfusion reactions occur because antibodies present on the surface of a donors erythryocytes (red blood cells), bind to antigens present within the recipients blood.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Coagulation and agglutination are different names for the same biological process.

   True

   False

1. Thrombopoiesis is the production of platelets. Which of the following hematopoietic cell types do platelets form from?

   	A.	Lymphocytes
   	B.	Megakaryocytes
   	C.	Neutrophils
   	D.	Monocytes
   	E.	Both B and D
   	F.	Both A and D

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. Coagulation, also known as blood clotting, requires the activation of a vast number of clotting enzymes. Which of the following clotting enzymes is responsible for the cleavage of fibrinogen (inactive) to fibrin (active)?

   	A.	Plasmin
   	B.	Factor XII
   	C.	Thromboplastin
   	D.	Thrombin
   	E.	None of the above

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Following a laceration, there are three major steps that occur that cause the cessation of bleeding. Please put them in the correct order from when the first one starts to when the last one starts.

         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Coagulation

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Platelet Plug Formation

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Vascular Spasm

1.5 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Von Willebrand factor is responsible for preventing the platelets from sticking to the walls of undamaged blood vessels.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 5

1. Which of the following layers of the heart is the most superficial?

   	A.	Myocardium
   	B.	Fibrous Pericardium
   	C.	Endocardium
   	D.	Parietal Pericardium

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. Which of the following valves does the blood flow through as it leaves the left ventricle?

   	A.	Bicuspid (Mitral Valve) AKA Right atrioventricular valve
   	B.	Tricuspid Valve AKA Left atrioventricular valve
   	C.	Aortic semilunar valve
   	D.	Pulmonary semilunar valve

Describe the trend of mortality in Saudi Arabia due to any one health phenomena and suggest any 2 measures to control it - Example maternal mortality, perinatal mortality, accident mortality, mortality due to any type of cancer etc. 

Define “muscle dysmorphia”. Compare the behaviors associated with muscle dysmorphia to the behaviors associated with other addictions, such as alcohol or drug abuse. What are some similarities? Differences?

1) Compare the fate of Pyruvate in aerobic and anaerobic cell respiration

2) Explain how much ATP is produced in oxidative phosphorylation and where in the pathway it comes from    

One of the objects in your visual field is a ball that is round, red, and moving. Describe the steps involved in being able to see the ball and identify it as a ball that is round, red, and moving. In other words, describe the pathway through the visual system (the eye, the optic nerve, and the parts of the brain) that the information travels before you can identify the object as a ball that is round, red, and moving.

The zika virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947. The virus is transmitted from person to person by a bite from a mosquito. It is commonly carried by the Aedes mosquito which is prevalent throughout Central Africa. The virus has more recently spread to the Americas (South, Central, and now North) and is expected to spread to Europe. There is a concern that the virus may reach epidemic proportions. Zika virus is related to yellow and dengue fever. Common symptoms are low grade fever and a distinctive skin rash and other symptoms include vomiting, headache, and muscle and/or joint pain. Pregnant women should avoid traveling to areas known to have zika virus present because the virus is known to cause microcephaly and developmental difficulties related to the central nervous system.

Based on the paragraph above, class discussions, and other VALID (be careful with your selection of e-materials! CDC – Center for Disease Control is a good place to start) sources of information please answer the following questions.

1. State a reason why the virus has spread to the Americas and likely to spread to Europe.

2. Define the term microcephaly.

3. What bones of the fetal skull would be affected by zika?

4. Specifically, what area of the CNS is not fully developed in microcephalic individuals.

5. In 1 -3 sentences describe the developmental difficulties of microcephalic individuals.

6. How does one know if they have contracted zika?

7. Do men need to be concerned about contracting zika?

8. How does one avoid contracting zika?

9. In a short paragraph (2-5 sentences!) provide one example of a scientific measure that could possibly control the spread of zika and explain how the measure works (controls the spread).

Thirty-five-year-old Jane recently began "working out" and jogs three times a week. After her jog, she is breathless and her muscles ache.

From your understanding of muscle physiology, describe what has happened inside Maggie's skeletal muscle cells. How do her muscle cells recover from this?

a) Compare glycolitic pathway with;
1) aerobic glycolysis in blood stream trypanosomes.
2) hydrogenosomal pathway in trichomonads.

b) explain hormone receptors and their abnormalities.
c) describe disorders of parathyroid glands.

A veterinary technician was bitten by a neurological horse while assisting the veterinarian on a farm call. The horse died and was found to be positive for raccoon variant rabies. The technician received pre-exposure prophylaxis 15 years ago. How should the technician be treated? Begin your answer from when the bite occurs. Discuss your reasoning using specific information about rabies pathogenesis and epidemiology, as well as NASPHV recommendations and ACIP guidelines.

Although research has identified milestones in language development, children exhibit lots of individual variation. Briefly describe the pros and cons of knowing language development norms?

Describe some of the methods/techniques used to identify astrocytes versus other cell types. Explain why cell culture is a robust tool for studying astrocyte biology.

How is the cardiomyocyte structure important in heart structure and function? How are the anatomical fetures of the heart involved in the essential function of the heart pumping blood? What can specific defects in the anatomy of the heart affect its function?

Describe why CO2 increases during exercise.