Chapter 13 Study Guide

1. Explain fetal brain development through the first 8 weeks.

2. What are the major regions of the adult brain?

3. What are the function of the regions of the adult brain?

4. What are the ventricles of the brain?

5. What is the corpus callosum?

6. Explain what the meninges are, what are the three layers, and the characteristics of each layer.

7. Describe what cerebrospinal fluid is and where it is produced.

8. What is the medulla oblongata and where is it found?

9. What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?

10. What is the pons and where is it found?

11. What are the functions of the pons?

12. Explain the cerebellum and what does it do in terms of function?

13. What are Perkinje cells (not fibers like in the heart) and where are they found?

14. Where is the diencephalon and what are its functions?

15. What is the limbic system and where is it found?

16. What is the insula of the brain? Specifically what centers are found in it and where is it found?

17. What are gyri?

18. What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

19. Explain the functions of the cranial nerves:
    1. Olfactory
    2. Optic
    3. Oculomotor
    4. Trochlear
    5. Trigeminal
    6. Abducens
    7. Facial
    8. Vestibularcochlear
    1. Glossopharyngeal
    10. Vagus
    11. Accessory
    50. Hypoglossal

20. Classify each cranial nerve as sensory, motor, or mixed:
    1. Olfactory
    2. Optic
    3. Oculomotor
    4. Trochlear
    5. Trigeminal
    6. Abducens
    7. Facial
    8. Vestibularcochlear
    1. Glossopharyngeal
    10. Vagus
    11. Accessory
    50. Hypoglossal

21. What are the different functional regions of the cerebrum?

22. Explain how damage to the Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas affect language and how they are different from one another.

23. Explain sensory receptors and their functions.

24. Explain the different nervous system disorders listed in the textbook. Do not list them, but explain them.

I your own words EXPLAIN two methods for measuring physical activity, exercise behavior, or estimated energy expenditure. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each method?

Biological role of adaptive and innate immunity in vaccination. (20marks).

"Is there a benefit of inflammatory signaling inducing fever, loss of appetite and sleepiness? If so, what are those benefits? If not, then why would these occur?"

1. Discuss the factors that affect blood flow in the vasculature and their relationship to blood pressure.

2. Discuss the pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange.

You have a cation that has an equilibrium potential with a positive charge. Where is that ion more highly concentrated (Intracellular or extracellular)?

How do you know?

If an anion has a higher concentration outside the cell, what will be the charge of its equilibrium potential?

Explain your answer.

How does GIP and GLP-1 stimulate insulin secretion?

Describe, in detail, how neurons communicate. Start with a strong EPSP being transmitted, and end with the next cell receiving an EPSP.  

1. Differentiate among the three classes of levers in terms of the relative position of fulcrum, effort, and load, as well as in terms of the relative power and range of motion.

2. Give examples in the human body of muscles and their associated joints to illustrate each type of lever system.

3. Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

4. For a given movement, differentiate specific muscles that function as the prime mover, antagonist, synergist or fixator.

5. Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location.

6. Define the terms tension and contraction, with respect to muscles.

7. Define the term motor unit.

8. Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction.

9. Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potential in the muscle fiber.

10. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body

11. Explain how the muscular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis

1. What are the two targets of positive feedback from the common pathway in blood clotting? _____________ and the _______________ ____________________ .

2. Which connective tissue is about 50% water? ______________

Describe, in detail, an action potential including which ions open and when, and at what point the action potential is generated. Include the various stages of the action potential as well (ex. refractory periods)