1. Differentiate among the three classes of levers in terms of the relative position of fulcrum, effort, and load, as well as in terms of the relative power and range of motion.

2. Give examples in the human body of muscles and their associated joints to illustrate each type of lever system.

3. Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist, and fixator.

4. For a given movement, differentiate specific muscles that function as the prime mover, antagonist, synergist or fixator.

5. Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location.

6. Define the terms tension and contraction, with respect to muscles.

7. Define the term motor unit.

8. Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction.

9. Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potential in the muscle fiber.

10. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body

11. Explain how the muscular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis

1. What are the two targets of positive feedback from the common pathway in blood clotting? _____________ and the _______________ ____________________ .

2. Which connective tissue is about 50% water? ______________

Describe, in detail, an action potential including which ions open and when, and at what point the action potential is generated. Include the various stages of the action potential as well (ex. refractory periods)

which of the following statements is true?

a) Metabotropic receptors allow the passage of ions through an opened channel

b) Metabotropic receptors frequently initiate signal transduction cascades

c) Plasma membranes are impermeable to ligands for nuclear receptors, but permeable to ligands that bind receptors in the plasma membrane

e) Plasma membrane receptors usually behave like transcription factors when bound by their ligand

1) What is a simple way conduction deafness can be simulated? Explain how this simulates conduction deafness. Is there a simple way to simulate nerve deafness? Why or why not?

2) Compare nerve deafness to conduction deafness.

3) In your own words, describe how the procedure for the Rinne's Test differs from the procedure for the Weber's test. What type of a result would you see from each of these tests if an individual had normal hearing?

*Why was carbon chosen as the atomic backbone of life?

*Define a functional group and explain their importance to life.

*Describe the complete structure, classification and functions of the carbohydrates.

*List and describe in detail the 4 protein structures.

*Define an enzyme and explain how they work and their importance to living things.

*Compare the different types of triglycerides and indicate which are not healthy and those that are healthy. Also, indicate why some are and are not healthy choices.

*List all the macromolecules and describe the monomers of each and how each can be identified through testing.

*List and describe all of the accessory organs of the digestive system and explain how they assist with the process of digestion.

*Explain at least 5 ways in which the small int. is capable of increasing its surface area to perform greater absorption of nutrients.

*Describe in detail the movement of food from the mouth to the anus.

*Compare the similarities and differences between the large intestine and the large intestine.

*Compare the similarities and differences between the wall of the sm. int. and the lg. int.

1. Please put the arteries in order from the LARGEST to SMALLEST diameter.

         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Arterioles

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Elastic (Conducting) arteries

   
         -       1.       2.       3.      

   Muscular Arteries

1 points   

QUESTION 8

1. Please put the vessels in the correct order from when a blood cell leaves the heart to when it returns to the heart (in a normal circulation pathway).

         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Veins

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Venules

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Elastic (Conducting) arteries

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Muscular Arteries

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Arterioles

   
         -       1.       2.       3.       4.       5.       6.      

   Capillaries

1 points   

QUESTION 9

1. A circulatory portal system is when blood is transported DIRECTLY from an artery to a vein bypassing a capillary bed.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 10

1. Which of the following term refers to the movement of fluids out of a blood vessel into the interstitial space surrounding cells?

   	A.	Filtration
   	B.	Reabsorption
   	C.	Bulk flow
   	D.	Colloid osmotic pressure

1 points   

QUESTION 11

1. If net hydrostatic pressure were greater than net blood colloid osmotic pressure it would favor the movement of fluid out of a blood vessel into the interstitial space.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 12

1. The THICKNESS OF THE WALL of a blood vessel affects the flow rate of blood passing through it.

   True

   False

0.5 points   

QUESTION 13

1. The DIAMETER OF THE LUMEN of a blood vessel affects the flow rate of blood passing through it.

   True

   False

Should Neandertals be included in our species (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) or should they be their own species (Homo neanderthalensis)? Why or why not? (Use evidence to back up your stance and cite your sources.)

why is there a smaller muscle fiber to motor neuron ratio for muscles responsible for precision?

define or describe each of the following terms auscultation

Use the following terms to describe how a homeostatic control mechanism functions: comparator, set point, effector, disturbance, error signal, sensor, compensatory response, and controlled variable.

A needle is inserted into the right somatosensory nucleus of the thalamusin the central nervous system and the area is injected with GABA.

1. Through what structure does a primary sensory neuron from the hand enter the central nervous system?

2. Where does the first synapse for this somatosensory pathway occur?

3. Describe the type(s) of sensory information carried by this pathway.

4. Name and describe two different classes of primary sensory receptors that are associated with this pathway.

5. Discuss the common features that all primary sensory receptors possess.

6. If an adrenergic substance had been injected instead of GABA, how would this have altered neural transmission? Explain.

briefly describe the events of a cardiac cycle

A 67-year-old woman is referred for treatment of hyperlipidemia. Her cholesterol and triglycerides are high, despite treatment with lipid-lowering medication. She is noted to have hair loss and hoarseness to her voice. She also complains of cold intolerance and fatigue. The physician orders a BMP, lipid panel, and thyroid testing cascade. Results are as follows:

Analyte 2/19/2018 09:50 . Reference Range

Na 141 . 135-145 mEq/L

K 4.1 . 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Cl 101 . 95-105 mEq/L

CO2 25 . 22-28 mEq/L

Glucose 103 . 70-100 mg/dL

BUN 8 . 7-20 mg/dL

Creat 0.4 . 0.5-1.1 mg/dL

BUN/Creat Ratio 20 . 10-20

Total Cholesterol 250 . 150-200 mg/dL

LDL 147 . <100 mg/dL

HDL 41 . 40-80 mg/dL

Triglycerides 310 . <150 mg/dL

TSH 43 . 0.4-4.5 mIU/L

fT4 0.4 . 0.8-2.4 ng/dL

tT3 Not Indicated . 80-180 ng/dL

(1) Highlight the abnormal results in the above table. (1 pt)

(2) Based upon the above clinical and laboratory data, does this patient have hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? Is this a primary, secondary, or tertiary thyroid disorder? (3 pts)

(3) The physician suspects an autoimmune etiology. Name the most likely condition and a lab test the can help confirm this potential diagnosis. (2 pts)

(4) Explain why this patient has abnormal glucose, lipid panel, and creatinine results? (4 pts)