1. Describe structural difference of the two main types of hormones, their mechanisms of action on target cells and the three types of stimuli regulating their secretion.
2. Describe how red blood cells are produced and based on their structure, how they transport gases in the blood.
3. Describe in detail the four regulating mechanisms of stroke volume and how it influences cardiac output.
I was looking for help in these three questions for my anatomy and physiology class. Thanks!
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Hank, a 17-year-old high school student, suffered a heart attack during a recreational swim. An autopsy revealed that he had had atherosclerosis and that his death had been caused by coronary artery disease. What might have been the cause of this disease that usually strikes a person much older than Hank?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
In: Anatomy and Physiology
1. Enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa can be triggered to release histamine. Histamine, in this case, causes nearby parietal cells of the stomach lining to produce hydrochloric acid. The effect of histamine on parietal cells would best be described as a(n) ________.
| a. paracrine |
| b. autocrine |
| c. exocrine |
| d. second messenger |
2. Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?
| a. They are lipid soluble. |
| b. They are synthesized from cholesterol. |
| c. They require a receptor in the plasma membrane. |
| d. They cross the plasma membrane. |
3. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium ions can serve as second messengers.
| a. True |
| b. False |
4. Which of the following is NOT a component of the cyclic AMP signaling mechanism?
| a. G protein |
| b. hormone receptor |
| c. effector enzyme |
| d. steroid |
5. The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
| a. plasma membrane receptors |
| b. synergistic hormones |
| c. antagonistic hormones |
| d. permissive hormones |
6. Hormones that bind to plasma proteins ________.
| a. are usually water soluble |
| b. must also bind to plasma membrane receptors |
| c. are usually made of amino acids |
| d. are usually synthesized from cholesterol |
7. Which of the following is correctly matched?
| a. zona reticularis gonadocorticoids |
| b. zona glomerulosa epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| c. adrenal medulla glucocorticoids |
| d. zona fasciculata mineralocorticoids |
Please answer the questions with a, b, c or d as the answers wont really need explanations. Thanks
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Compare and contrast the wall of the GI tract in the following regions: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. How does the wall change throughout the course of the body? Be specific. What additional cells and glands are present in each section and what do they do? Be specific.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
what is the major function of the skin an d how is it accomplished?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Homeostatic Case Study
Patient: Mr. Kaunda70-year-old man with
respiratory problems
History: A 70-year-old man with chronic
renal failure was in the hospital in serious condition recovering
from a heart attack. He had just undergone "coronary angioplasty"
to redilate his left coronary artery, and was thus on an "npo" diet
(i.e. he was not allowed to have food or drink by mouth). He
received fluid through an intravenous (IV) line.
Late one night, a new nurse who really did not
understand the concept of osmolarity came into the patient's room
to replace the man's empty IV bag with a new one. Misreading the
physician's orders, he hooked up a fresh bag of IV fluid that was
"twice-normal" saline rather than "half-normal" saline (in other
words, the patient starting receiving a fluid that was four times
saltier than it should have been).
This mistake was not noticed until the following
morning. At that time, Mr. Kaunda had marked pitting edema around
the hip region. He complained that it was difficult to breathe as
well. Blood was drawn, revealing the following:
Na+
159 mEq / liter (Normal = 136-145 mEq / liter)
K+
4.9 mEq / liter (Normal = 3.5-5.0 mEq / liter)
C1-
100 mEq / liter (Normal = 96-106 mEq / liter)
A chest x-ray revealed interstitial edema in the
lungs.
Questions:
Will the interstitial fluid increase or decrease the
"osmolarity"(concentration) due to the nurse's mistake?Which
electrolytes were out of the normal range and in which
direction?
Given your knowledge of osmosis, will the patient’s
cells increase or decrease in size? Explain your
answer.
Can you explain why the patient may have
edema?
What is the function of aldosterone and how will the
increase in osmolarity affect the blood aldosterone
levels?
Is Mr. Kaunda susceptible to hyponatrenia or
hypernatremia? What possible symptoms could Mr. Kaunda develop from
his present (osmotic) condition?
Are there any other normal homeostatic mechanisms that
the body has, to control the situation Kaunda faces? How might it
react in this situation?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Based on your knowledge and experience with techniques that inhibit neuromuscular tissue, how would you support (or refute) the sampling of perspectives on the efficacy of self-myofascial release?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as it relates to bone resorption and deposition due to disuse and physical activity.
In: Anatomy and Physiology
How are tissues used in the body to create specific body compartments and why is this necessary?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
David, a 21-year-old male, demonstrated the following:
Poor muscle development, high-pitched voice, microphallis, eunuchoidism, anosmia, tall stature (6'7")
Upon further questioning, it was found that David was born with
a cleft palate, only one kidney and cryptorchidism.
A blood sample revealed low serum levels of FSH, LH and
Testosterone.
2. What secondary sex characteristics is David lacking?
3. Name the endocrine disorder (be specific) in this case. Is this
a primary or secondary disorder?
4. Diagram the feedback loop involved.
5. Why is David suffering from anosmia?
6. How can David's tall stature be explained?
7. Can his condition be treated? If so, how?
8. Will he be able to father children if left untreated? Why or why
not?
9. Is this disorder genetic? If so, which chromosome is affected?
Is this always the case?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Discuss how Darwin’s view of evolution required slow, gradual change (‘Darwinian gradualism’) and compare it to the model developed by Stephen J. Gould known as ‘Punctuated Equilibrium.’
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Explain in cleaar detail:
Trigeminal sensory pathways : Discriminative touch pathway, Pain and temperature pathway
In: Anatomy and Physiology
. Frogs and insects lay hundreds of eggs and have hundreds of offspring. If that is the case, why are we not overrun with frogs and insects? How does nature select which offspring will survive?
In: Anatomy and Physiology
Blood types and the markers associated with each blood types
In: Anatomy and Physiology