Based on your knowledge and experience with techniques that inhibit neuromuscular tissue, how would you support (or refute) the sampling of perspectives on the efficacy of self-myofascial release?

Explain the role of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as it relates to bone resorption and deposition due to disuse and physical activity.

How are tissues used in the body to create specific body compartments and why is this necessary?

David, a 21-year-old male, demonstrated the following:

Poor muscle development, high-pitched voice, microphallis, eunuchoidism, anosmia, tall stature (6'7")

Upon further questioning, it was found that David was born with a cleft palate, only one kidney and cryptorchidism.
A blood sample revealed low serum levels of FSH, LH and Testosterone.

2. What secondary sex characteristics is David lacking?

3. Name the endocrine disorder (be specific) in this case. Is this a primary or secondary disorder?
4. Diagram the feedback loop involved.
5. Why is David suffering from anosmia?
6. How can David's tall stature be explained?
7. Can his condition be treated? If so, how?
8. Will he be able to father children if left untreated? Why or why not?
9. Is this disorder genetic? If so, which chromosome is affected? Is this always the case?

Discuss how Darwin’s view of evolution required slow, gradual change (‘Darwinian gradualism’) and compare it to the model developed by Stephen J. Gould known as ‘Punctuated Equilibrium.’

Explain in cleaar detail:

Trigeminal sensory pathways : Discriminative touch pathway, Pain and temperature pathway

. Frogs and insects lay hundreds of eggs and have hundreds of offspring. If that is the case, why are we not overrun with frogs and insects? How does nature select which offspring will survive?

Blood types and the markers associated with each blood types

Chief Complaint: 52-year-old male with abdominal pain and nausea.  

History: The patient was woken up by abdominal pain located in his right lower quadrant, in the right groin and radiating into his right testicle. He was transported to the hospital. He reports that his pain is a “10” on a 1 to 10 scale. He is nauseated but has not vomited. The patient is normal weight and otherwise healthy. Upon palpation his abdomen is soft with mild tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Following the discovery of blood in his urine he is diagnosed with a ureteral obstruction, a computed tomography scan shows a calcified stone in the right ureter at the ureterovesical junction.

Guiding Questions

1. The ureterovesical junction (where the ureter passes through the wall of the bladder) is a common site for kidney stones to become impacted. Can you propose two additional sites within the ureter where kidney stones are likely to become impacted based on the anatomy of the ureters?

2. This patient was advised to increase his water intake to prevent subsequent kidney stones. Why would an increased fluid intake lower his chances for a repeat incident?

3. Assume that the kidney stone in question has reached the bladder. What is the pathway of exit for this stone (i.e. what anatomic structures must the stone still pass through)? Based on the anatomy of those structures, do you predict this to be difficult or easy? Defend your answer.

4. Propose a possible treatment for the patient in this case study. How does this treatment improve conditions for the patient? Are these improvements seen at the cellular, tissue, organ or systemic level?

Define “muscle dysmorphia”. Compare the behaviors associated with muscle dysmorphia to the behaviors associated with other addictions, such as alcohol or drug abuse. What are some similarities? Differences?

Dr. Clement shared the bad news with his patient. “I’m sorry, Oliver, but it appears that the Gleevec you have been taking is no longer working against your cancer, and your white blood cells are growing out of control again. We’ll do some genetic testing to confirm, but the most likely cause of this relapse is that the BCR-ABL gene has mutated once again, and that mutation has rendered the protein resistant to the Gleevec you have been taking.” Dr. Clement sat in his office reviewing the most recent genetic testing results with Oliver. “As I expected,” he said, “you have acquired a resistance mutation in BCR-ABL that is preventing Gleevec from doing its job. But the good news is, we have another drug, dasatinib, that should be able to counteract this mutation. I am going to call in a prescription for dasatinib that you should start right away.”

Oliver was skeptical. If Gleevec wasn’t working against his cancer, what was so magical about this new drug, dasatinib?

What class of inhibitor is dasatinib?

Compare and contrast the function of dasatinib and the function of imatinib/Gleevec.

Dasatinib, at nanomolar concentrations, inhibits the following kinases: BCR-ABL, SRC family (SRC, LCK, YES, FYN), c-KIT, EPHA2, and PDGFRβ. Imatinib, at nanomolar concentrations, inhibits primarily BCR-ABL. How may these properties may affect Oliver’s new treatment?